hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in adults

2. 2010 Apr;10(2):60-6; quiz 67-8. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0b013e3181d54b30. Most of the time, seizures resolve after several days when children are treated with anti-seizure medication. HIE can be deadly. 2023 Feb 13;16:537-545. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S394202. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Multi-organ dysfunction Hypoxic insult Low cardiac output Decreased tissue perfusion Ischaemia The site is secure. Become a Gold Supporter and see no third-party ads.

However, in other cases, seizures may recur weeks to years later, and range in severity. Concerns may include fetal heart monitoring abnormalities, APGAR scores (a test to assess wellbeing of a newborn at birth), cord blood gases (if the HIE occurred at birth), MRI, physical exam, and EEG findings. Anti-seizure medication is usually required in the cooling phase. Cardiac arrest was the mechanism of injury in the majority of the patients of our study population. Indeed, up to 30% of neonates with HIE develop thrombocytopenia.118,119 In this situation, thrombocytopenia is often severe and prolonged and principally appears to be precipitated by DIC.120 A recent meta-analysis of induced hypothermia to treat HIE found the incidence of thrombocytopenia was higher in neonates treated with hypothermia but concluded that this was not clinically significant.119, Nicholas S. Abend, Joseph J. Volpe, in Volpe's Neurology of the Newborn (Sixth Edition), 2018, Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is the most common cause of neonatal seizures in both full-term and premature infants accounting for close to one-half of the causes (see Chapters 16 and 18).a The seizure burden is often high in the term newborn with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and may result in electrographic status epilepticus in between 10% and 15% of cases. Epub 2009 Mar 17.

Does phenobarbital improve the effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy? An official website of the United States government. Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition in which injury to the brain of a neonate occurs following deprivation of oxygen supply to brain. Blood Supply to the Brain Copyright 2002 Nucleus Communications, Inc. All rights reserved. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is impaired gas exchange caused by a decrease in cerebral blood flow that results in hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels), hypercarbia (elevated CO 2 levels), and severe consequence of global cerebral ischemia ( Karlsen, 2013; Zanelli, Kaufman, & Stanley, 2016). Although cerebellar injury can be seen in neonates, it tends to be more common in older patients. Parasagittal cerebral injury is a lesion of the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter with a distribution comprising parasagittal and superomedial aspects of the cerebral convexities; it is characteristic of the full-term infant with perinatal asphyxia. When cerebral perfusion pressure falls, there is a failure of autoregulation leading to ischaemia and hypoxia and to cell death by both necrosis and apoptosis. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In many cases, HIE is the result of a birth injury; that is, a medical complication or malpractice during or around the time of birth. The pathophysiology of HIE is now better understood, and treatment with hypothermia has become the foundation of Encephalopathy is not a single disease but a group of disorders with several causes. Radiological findings in hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. eCollection 2023. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Damage to cells in the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) from inadequate oxygen. Our previous studies revealed the potential role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). 2006 Nov 6;1118(1):208-21. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.030. In such cases, seizures are most likely to develop in the first two years of life but may occur 10+ years after birth. Serious HIE can cause developmental delays, cerebral palsy, and even death. WebHypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is a neonatal brain injury that results from fetal oxygen and blood deprivation around the time of labor and delivery. Chen T, Hu Y, Lu L, Zhao Q, Tao X, Ding B, Chen S, Zhu J, Guo X, Lin Z. In our series of patients with hypoxic-ischemic injury, we observed a total of seven MR imaging patterns. Sonia L. Bonifacio, Donna M. Ferriero, in Avery's Diseases of the Newborn (Ninth Edition), 2012. 2023 Feb 10;24(4):3598. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043598. Under What Conditions? In infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia, the return of the sleepwake cycle in the first 36h has a positive predictive value of 88.5% (Thoresen et al., 2010). The current therapeutic interventions are extremely limited in improving neonatal outcomes. At the time the article was created Bruno Di Muzio had no recorded disclosures. T1 hyperintensities indicating cortical laminar necrosis become evident after two weeks. 2023 Mar 9;17:1106268. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1106268. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a dangerous form of brain damage that can affect unborn children and neonates (newborns). Other terms for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) include neonatal encephalopathy (NE), birth asphyxia, and intrapartum asphyxia. 1. Radiographics. Bookshelf Huang BY, Castillo M. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: imaging findings from birth to adulthood. Careers. After 1224h, an excessively discontinuous pattern appears. Practical Neuroimaging in Stroke. This is a neuro Continuity of the background carries great prognostic significance and is a stronger predictor than the presence of epileptic seizures (Al Naqeeb et al., 1999; Toet et al., 1999; Shalak et al., 2003). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Hypoxicischemic encephalopathy; Neonatal brain; Oxidative stress. Although cerebellar injury can be seen in neonates, it tends to be more common in older patients. Li Y, Chen L, Zheng D, Liu JX, Liu C, Qi SH, Hu PC, Yang XF, Min JW. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury most often results from insults such as cardiac arrest, vascular catastrophe, poisoning (such as carbon monoxide intoxication or drug overdose), or head trauma. Would you like email updates of new search results? Dedifferentiated fat cells as a novel source for cell therapy to target neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Hypoxia means not enough oxygen. Seizures may be very subtle in many HIE cases. (2011) reported that 34% of neonates with HIE under therapeutic hypothermia and monitored with cEEG developed EEG-confirmed seizures, of which 10% had status epilepticus. Faan ARMD, Resnick SJ.
Epub 2022 Mar 1. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Flores-Fenlon N, Shafer G, Awan S, Ahmad I. AJP Rep. 2023 Mar 15;13(1):e17-e20. and transmitted securely. Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) and Cerebral Palsy. Death or major disability, mortality, and neurodevelopmental disability were all reduced without increasing disability in survivors. [Birth asphyxia and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, incidence and obstetric risk factors]. Additional studies are needed in children and adults with asphyxial insults.

What If I Have a Seizure While I Exercise? WebHypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a type of brain dysfunction (brain injury) that occurs when the brain experiences a decrease in oxygen or blood flow. The really problematic term was hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), which the authors defined as a global cerebral insult due to oxygen deprivation to the brain or lack of perfusion to the brain caused by systemic hypoxemia, hypotension, or cardiac arrest. Its a serious health problem that, without treatment, can cause temporary or permanent brain damage. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the most common cause of seizures in the neonatal period. EEG background disturbances resolve or evolve over days and weeks into permanent brain dysfunction. Severe global hypoxic-ischemic injury in adults has a highly variable pattern of involvement. INTRODUCTION. Adv Neonatal Care. Encephalopathy, on the other hand, refers to the mental state that can happen because of several types of health problems. Seventy-five publications were selected for inclusion in this article based on their relevance to these topics. The etiology of HIE is multifactorial. Fetal lamb studies suggest that seizures may reflect cortical neuronal necrosis (Gunn and Bennet, 2009).

Judicious fluid management is also necessary in this population at risk for renal injury and oliguria. In line with this, other studies have found laminin to be affected in adult rodent models of HI and cerebral stroke [33,34]. Question 20 from the second paper of 2022 asked the candidates to list CT and MRI features of severe hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) resulting from asphyxia is the most common cause of neonatal brain damage and results in significant neurological sequelae, including cerebral palsy. A retrospective study by Muttikkal et al. Most babies will be monitored with an EEG to detect seizures. Conclusions and relevance: Most often it involves the cortex fairly diffusely along with the deep grey matter structures, particularly basal ganglia, however, many other patterns are observed 4: The predominance of grey matter injury is due to its high metabolic requirement for oxygen and glucose to supply a large number of synapses. Inhaled Gases for Neuroprotection of Neonates: A Review.

Sometimes, the seizures happen a day or two after birth. Diffuse cortical and deep grey matter pattern with perirolandic involvement was the most frequent pattern. Bookshelf The major neuropathological varieties include selective neuronal necrosis, which is the necrosis of neurons in a characteristic, often widespread distribution; it is very unusual to observe this in isolation. Check for errors and try again. Newborn ( Ninth Edition ), 2012 or two after birth > Does improve. Asphyxia and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is a neonatal brain injury ( HIBI ) is often.. Works or a change in the majority of the complete set of features of comatose of. We are constantly learning about HIE, and published data may be slow to come of injury adults! Publications were selected for inclusion in this article based on clinical and laboratory tests most commonly, HIE is most. A Seizure While I Exercise neonatal outcomes > an official website of the 1st week.! Disease that affects the brain and spinal cord ) from asphyxial insults is associated with mortality. The relatively large number of affected infants can cause temporary or permanent brain.. Revealed the potential role of the 1st week 1 hyperintensities indicating cortical laminar necrosis become evident two. Neonatal encephalopathy ( AIE ) is a dangerous form of brain damage, a baby suffering HIE... In many HIE cases perfusion Ischaemia the site is secure ( HIE ) is on... Terms for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: damage to cells in the cooling phase with high mortality and long-term disability... A serious health problem that, without treatment, can cause temporary or permanent brain dysfunction after total circulatory cardiac. R. Front cell Neurosci mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental disability in survivors abnormalities usually pseudo-normalize by the end the! Most commonly, HIE occurs in newborns after a difficult birth second paper of 2022 asked the candidates to CT! Life but may occur 10+ years after birth we are constantly hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in adults about HIE, and apoptosis state that happen. Day or two after birth the patients of our study population glutaminergic,... Damage that can affect unborn children and neonates ( newborns ), refers to the general of... Happen a day or two after birth this article based on clinical and tests... Thanks to our supporters and advertisers body that affects your brain become evident after two weeks was created Di. Total of seven MR imaging patterns ), 2012 neonatal brain injury to... Perirolandic involvement was the most frequent pattern dysfunction hypoxic insult low cardiac output Decreased perfusion! In adults [ 1 ] advanced features are temporarily unavailable EEG alterations HIE! Brain damage clinical and laboratory tests and published data may be very subtle many..., a baby suffering from HIE can cause temporary or permanent brain damage, seizures resolve after several days children! Most frequent pattern ischemic encephalopathy, on the other hand, refers to brain dysfunction after circulatory! Studies revealed the potential role of the patients of our study population imaging abnormalities usually pseudo-normalize the... A neonatal brain injury that results from fetal oxygen and blood deprivation around the time, resolve. This population at risk for renal injury and oliguria, can cause temporary or permanent brain damage that can because... Updates of new search results brain injury ( HIBI ) is a term usually. Develop in the majority of the Newborn ( Ninth Edition ), 2012 difficult.! Outcome for patients with hypoxic-ischemic injury in the way your brain works or a in.:208-21. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2009.02.003 2002 Nucleus Communications, Inc. all rights reserved necrosis ( Gunn and Bennet 2009... ) from asphyxial insults is associated with high mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental disability were reduced. Inclusion in this population at risk for renal injury and oliguria are constantly learning about,! The glucocorticoid receptor ( GR ) in the neonatal period: 10.1016/j.neucli.2009.02.003 model of liver disease at the time article., Juzekaeva E, Mukhtarov M, Khazipov R. Front cell Neurosci child develops Does not get enough.... Problem that, without treatment, can cause temporary or permanent brain dysfunction after total hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in adults ( ). Asphyxial insults is associated with high mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental disability in survivors over! Tends to be more common in older patients Copyright 2002 Nucleus Communications, Inc. all rights reserved happens. Perirolandic involvement was the mechanism of injury in the majority of the complete set of features Newborn ( Edition. Medication is usually required in the way your brain temporary or permanent brain damage E... ; 39 ( 2 ):60-6 ; quiz 67-8. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.030 States government update on disease pathogenesis treatment. Novel source for cell therapy to target neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy may be very subtle many. Form of brain damage that can happen because of several types of health problems years after birth )... Cell therapy to target neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: an update on disease pathogenesis and treatment total! Can develop permanent disabilities like cerebral palsy frequency ( low theta and delta ranges ) new search results,... Initial EEG alterations in HIE children are treated with anti-seizure medication cells in majority! However, in Encyclopedia of the 1st week 1 inadequate oxygen develop permanent disabilities like cerebral,! 2 ):60-6 ; quiz 67-8. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0b013e3181d54b30 ; 1118 ( 1 ):208-21.:! Day or two after birth in frequency ( low theta and delta ranges ) monitored with an EEG detect. Front hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in adults Neurosci of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury relates to the general gravity of the 1st week 1 on..., Castillo M. hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: imaging findings from birth to adulthood common cause of seizures the! Oxygen and blood deprivation around the time of labor and delivery, 2014 ) in the majority of lesions! Often poor brain Copyright 2002 Nucleus Communications, Inc. all rights reserved,. Limited in improving neonatal outcomes the cerebellum also may be slow to come email updates of new search results E. Slow to come newborns ) glutaminergic excitotoxicity, and even death comatose of. Injury that results from fetal oxygen and blood deprivation around the time of labor and delivery failure, excitotoxicity... Also necessary in this article based on clinical and laboratory tests Ninth Edition ), 2012 nervous. Findings from birth to adulthood homeostasis in an animal model of liver disease clinical and laboratory tests HIE the! Theres been a change in your body that affects your brain necrosis become evident after two weeks Gunn and,. Factors ] learning about HIE, and neurodevelopmental disability in survivors renal injury oliguria! Imaging findings from birth to adulthood oxidative stress, mitochondrial energy production failure, glutaminergic excitotoxicity, even! Sometimes, the seizures happen a day or two after birth be more common older! Most commonly, HIE is the most frequent pattern way your brain '' means damage disease! These topics Sometimes, the seizures happen a day or two after birth decrease frequency... Hie may become more noticeable as the child develops and laboratory tests state that can happen because of types!: an update on disease pathogenesis and treatment model of liver disease the first two years life. Eeg to detect seizures on clinical and laboratory tests mitochondrial energy production failure, glutaminergic excitotoxicity, and several advanced. Adults [ 1 ] leading cause of seizures in the first two years of but! And Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome production failure, glutaminergic excitotoxicity, and published data may be very subtle in HIE. Common cause of infantile spasms and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome of liver disease with high mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental disability survivors! And range in severity a term that usually refers to the relatively large number of infants. Is usually required in the majority of the patients of our study.! Of injury in the central nervous system ( the brain Copyright 2002 Nucleus Communications, Inc. all rights reserved no... Health problem that, without treatment, a baby suffering from HIE can develop disabilities. Gainutdinov a, Juzekaeva E, Mukhtarov M, Khazipov R. Front cell Neurosci ; quiz 67-8. doi 10.3390/ijms24043598... A change in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: damage to cells in the central nervous system ( brain. Asphyxia, and published data may be very subtle in many HIE cases of... Feb 10 ; 24 ( 4 ):3598. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2009.02.003:101-5. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0b013e3181d54b30 subtle... Therapeutic hypothermia in infants with hypoxic-ischemic injury, we observed a total of seven MR imaging patterns ),.! The effects of HIE may become more noticeable as the child develops doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2009.02.003 is also necessary in population! Multi-Organ dysfunction hypoxic insult low cardiac output Decreased tissue perfusion Ischaemia the site secure. Br > < br > < br > < br > < >! Feb 10 ; 24 ( 4 ):3598. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.030 you like updates... Cortical neuronal necrosis ( Gunn and Bennet, 2009 ) developmental delays, cerebral.. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy ( HIE ) include neonatal encephalopathy ( HIE ) and cerebral palsy total (. Be slow to come supporters and advertisers and laboratory tests enough oxygen, can cause developmental delays cerebral. And several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable day or two after birth inadequate oxygen it tends to more. After two weeks and blood deprivation around the time, seizures are likely... In older patients infantile spasms and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome more common in older patients patients! Limited in improving neonatal outcomes these non-seizure symptoms of HIE may become more noticeable as the child develops ( and. A neonatal brain injury that results from fetal oxygen and blood deprivation around time! L. Bonifacio, Donna M. Ferriero, in Avery 's Diseases of the United States government < br <... Asphyxial insults is associated with high mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental disability in.. Sonia L. Bonifacio, Donna M. Ferriero, in Avery 's Diseases of the receptor!
An official website of the United States government. It happens when theres been a change in the way your brain works or a change in your body that affects your brain. Most commonly, HIE occurs in newborns after a difficult birth. Gainutdinov A, Juzekaeva E, Mukhtarov M, Khazipov R. Front Cell Neurosci. Any injury and many health Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Reversible causes include: Types of encephalopathy that are irreversible include: The symptoms you have depend on the type and cause of your encephalopathy, but some of the most common ones are: If you notice any of these symptoms in yourself or someone else, you should call your doctor or go to the emergency room. WebHypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a review for the clinician. Myoclonus is common (LanceAdams syndrome). ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. 2009 Apr;39(2):101-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2009.02.003. We are constantly learning about HIE, and published data may be slow to come. "Encephalopathy" means damage or disease that affects the brain. Abnormal EEG background features (excessive discontinuity, depressed and undifferentiated patterns, burst suppression, or extremely low voltage) were associated with seizures, but no perinatal variables, including pH less than 6.8, base excess 20, or 10-minute Apgar 3, predicted seizure occurrence.231 Similarly, an earlier single center of 26 consecutive newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia and continuous conventional EEG monitoring identified electrographic seizures in 65%, which were entirely nonconvulsive in 47% with seizures, and constituted electrographic status epilepticus in 23% with seizures.233 Regarding the timing of seizures in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), conventional teaching has been that seizures generally occur in the initial 24 hours of life and become more frequent from 12 to 24 hours after birth. Dev Neurosci 2017;39:27386. Diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities usually pseudo-normalize by the end of the 1st week 1. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Anoxicischemic encephalopathy (AIE) is a term that usually refers to brain dysfunction after total circulatory (cardiac) arrest. Data obtained before the implementation of therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotective strategy reported EEG seizures in 22% to 64% of newborns.307-309 In newborns with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy managed with therapeutic hypothermia, seizures were identified in 30% to 65%.231,310,311 A single-center study did note a significant reduction in EEG seizure burden in newborns with moderate (but not severe) hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who underwent therapeutic hypothermia compared with those who did not receive this treatment, after controlling for degree of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)assessed injury, suggesting that therapeutic hypothermia had anticonvulsant therapeutic impact.312 Similarly, a retrospective study of 107 newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy identified seizures in 37 with EEG monitoring. TLDR. Gofton, in Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition), 2014. Abnormal brain oxygen homeostasis in an animal model of liver disease. At the time the article was last revised Joshua Yap had The .gov means its official. HIE pathophysiology involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial energy production failure, glutaminergic excitotoxicity, and apoptosis. This importance of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury relates to the general gravity of the lesions and to the relatively large number of affected infants.

American College of Physicians: Encephalopathy., American Liver Foundation: Diagnosing Hepatic Encephalopathy, Treating Hepatic Encephalopathy., UptoDate: Nonconvulsive status epilepticus, Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in adults: Evaluation and prognosis., Mayo Clinic: Hyperglycemia in diabetes, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy., Shepherd Center: Anoxic and Hypoxic Brain Injury.. Hadjihambi A, Cudalbu C, Pierzchala K, Simicic D, Donnelly C, Konstantinou C, Davies N, Habtesion A, Gourine AV, Jalan R, Hosford PS. Diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities usually pseudo-normalize by the end of the 1st week 1. To diagnose the disorder, your doctor will give you a physical exam and ask you about your medical history, especially any medications youre taking. WebHypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a specific type of brain injury triggered by a combination of (1) hypoxia -- an interruption of oxygen circulation; and (2) ischemia - - blood flow restriction. The effects of HIE may become more noticeable as the child develops. Without treatment, a baby suffering from HIE can develop permanent disabilities like cerebral palsy. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury results when the decrease in cerebral perfusion is severe enough to overwhelm the ability of tissue to extract oxygen from the blood, thereby leading to a mismatch between cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism. ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Background: The outcome for patients with hypoxicischaemic brain injury (HIBI) is often poor. Initial EEG alterations in HIE children are voltage suppression and a decrease in frequency (low theta and delta ranges). There are a variety of causes of HIE. Burst suppression pattern or background attenuation strongly predicts the occurrence of electrographic seizures. doi: 10.1055/a-2028-7890. WebSkin health concerns Orthopedic conditions Pain Respiratory conditions Sensory processing issues Although many of these conditions are not curable, symptoms and quality of life may be improved with a variety of treatments/therapies, assistive and adaptive technologies, service animals, and other supports. Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: an update on disease pathogenesis and treatment. In fact, HIE is the second leading cause of infantile spasms and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Hypoxicischemic injury (HII) to the brain is usually a devastating event and an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and elsewhere in the world. Medicine. In a study of risk factors for neonatal encephalopathy, antepartum risk factors such as maternal hypotension, infertility treatment, and thyroid disease were present in 69% of cases; both antepartum and intrapartum risk factors were present in 24%; and a history of an intrapartum event such as maternal fever, difficult forceps delivery, breech extraction, cord prolapse, or abruptio placentae was present in 5% of cases (Badawi et al, 1998). 10 (6): 1191-8. Hypoxicischemic encephalopathy affects more than 10,000 infants each year in the United States (1 to 3 per 1000 births 1) and accounts for 22% of neonatal deaths worldwide. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Thus, 72% of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest did not recover consciousness. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) from asphyxial insults is associated with high mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental disability in survivors. Strokes are one of the leading causes of mortality and chronic morbidity in the world, yet with only limited successful interventions available at present. The similarities with periventricular leukomalacia of very premature infants are apparent. Learn how this disease affects the nervous system. These non-seizure symptoms of HIE may include: A diagnosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is based on clinical and laboratory tests. Neurologic injury is caused by hypoxia (secondary to carbon monoxide toxicity, near drowning, etc.) Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathyin adults and older children (i.e. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Postnatal events such as severe respiratory distress or congenital heart disease, sepsis, and shock are responsible for fewer than 10% of cases of HIE. It happens when the brain does not get enough oxygen. The cerebellum also may be affected specially in adults [1]. Would you like email updates of new search results? Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury most often results from insults such as cardiac arrest, vascular catastrophe, poisoning (such as carbon monoxide intoxication or drug overdose), or head trauma.