difference between descriptive and analytical cross sectional study

Our study has limitations that should be mentioned. Variables associated with medium or high physical activity and with number of days per week of physical activity 2 days in the study population.

Sarria-Santamera A., Alexeyeva Z., Yen Chan M., Ortega M.A., Asunsolo-Del-Barco A., Navarro-Garca C. Direct and Indirect Costs Related to Physical Activity Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study. Background: The fear of pain is closely linked with chronic pain and the resultant impairment of daily life. Grupo de Investigacin en Epidemiologa de las Enfermedades Crnicas de Alta Prevalencia en Espaa (970970). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In a time-sequential design, a second age group is added to a time-lag design, and two or more cross-sectional comparisons are made at different times of testing. Finally, the response rates for the EHISS 2014 were 61% and for the EHISS2020 it was 59%; therefore, a non-response bias could have affected our results [21,22]. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. What is an analytical study design? In an attempt to respond quickly to a public health concern such as an outbreak, public health departments tend to conduct relatively brief studies. The presence of diabetes and PA were self-reported. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal To our knowledge, this survey has not been analyzed so far for this purpose. Before The length of follow-up varies considerably. Key feature of analyticepidemiology =Comparison group. Incidence of diabetes mellitus in Spain as results of the nation-wide cohort di@bet.es study. Both surveys have identical methodology and questions [12,13]. The Spanish Ministry of Health published in year 2013 the document Diabetes Strategy of the National Health System (Estrategia en Diabetes del Sistema Nacional de Salud) that includes strategies to improve diabetes patient care in our country, also providing indicators that should be used to assess changes overtime. Incidence of diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in the adult population of the Basque country, Spain. A recent systematic review of the literature found that these results are independent of the measurement instrument or study location [27].

Despite this fact, the WHO reports that 80% of adolescents and 1 in 4 adults do not comply with the minimum recommended amount of PA [7]. hN1_e ]JQJ(C ~ This cross-sectional study involved 182 deaf Italian adults (70.3% females) who were recruited from Ente Nazionale Sordi (ENS) and by the main online deafness groups. WebLevel 4: Case-control or Cohort study Level 5: Systematic Review of Descriptive and Qualitative studies Level 6: Single Descriptive or Qualitative Study Level 7: Expert Opinion Level I Evidence Systematic Review or Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials: See box below for more information about systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Descriptive studies can involve a one-time interaction with groups of people ( cross-sectional study ) or a study might follow individuals over time ( longitudinal study ). However, it is necessary to deepen the research with studies specifically designed to identify attitudes and barriers to PA in people with diabetes, as well as the role of new technologies to improve adherence to PA in this population. For example, a retrospective cohort study was used to determine the source of infection of cyclosporiasis, a parasitic disease that caused an outbreak among members of a residential facility in Pennsylvania in 2004. Diabetes is a chronic and complex disease that requires, in addition to glycemic control, multifactorial risk reduction strategies [2]. endstream endobj 3365 0 obj <>stream A similar tendency was observed for the number of days per week of PA, with 68.5% in 2014 and 77.7% in 2020 being engaged in two or more days (p < 0.001). For example, in a clinical trial of a new vaccine, the investigator may randomly assign some of the participants to receive the new vaccine, while others receive a placebo shot. An alternative type of cohort study is a retrospective cohort study. Those who answered no were classified as non-diabetic subjects. 3364 0 obj <>stream available at, The Influence of Paid Memberships on Physician Rating Websites With the Example of the German Portal Jameda: Descriptive Cross-sectional Study, Physician and Health Services Rating by Consumers (109), https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/39259, Friedrich Aaron David In this third type of observational study, a sample of persons from a population is enrolled and their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously. If the amount of exposure among the case group is substantially higher than the amount you would expect based on the control group, then illness is said to be associated with that exposure. They do this to see whether they can determine new information based on the criteria. Two dependent variables have been created to assess how frequently participants engaged in PA. To do so, we used two questions. The data source was two EHISS corresponding to years 2014 The number of deaths in Spain caused by diabetes in 2020 was 11,297 [4]. Parks S.E., Housemann R.A., Brownson R.C. As the exposure status/outcome of interest official website and that any information you provide is encrypted WebA descriptive cross-sectional study is a study in which the disease or condition and potentially related factors are measured at a specific point in time for a defined population. Health professionals should be aware of this patient profile and include in their ongoing training plans knowledge about PA, benefits, safety considerations, and practical management options [44]. The cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2019 to May 2020. Distribution according to study variables of people with self-reported diabetes included in the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain (EHISS) conducted in years 2014 and 2020. There was no difference between or within groups (p>0.05; 95% CI) for all scores. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Once the participants were matched, and both surveys joined, the medium or high frequency of PA was found in 59.4% of participants without diabetes and 50.5% of those with diabetes (p < 0.001). J Atheroscler Thromb 2000;6:60-6. While a social benefit mechanism exists when a social factor enhances health outcomes, a social selection mechanism is present when healthier people are more likely to participate in study. The key feature of analytic epidemiology is a comparison group. After excluding those with missing data, the total number of matched couples reached 1852 and 1889 in these surveys, respectively. A cohort study is similar in concept to the experimental study. WebA descriptive study of one (case study or case report) or a series of patients (case series) defined by eligibility criteria, and where the unfolding course of events (disease progression, therapies, outcomes, etc.) First, the causality direction cannot be addressed due to the study design. Cross-sectional studies can be thought of as a "snapshot" of the frequency and characteristics of a condition in a population at a particular point in time. An analytical cross-sectional study is a type of quantitative, non-experimental research design. In analytical cross-sectional in the United Sates observed a stable trend in PA frequency in adult with diabetes from 1996 to 2005 [28]. Valds S., Garca-Torres F., Maldonado-Araque C., Goday A., Calle-Pascual A., Soriguer F., Castao L., Catal M., Gomis R., Rojo-Martnez G., et al. Sociodemographic covariates included gender, age, educational level, and if the person interviewed lived with a partner or not. The study of hepatitis A traced to green onions, described above, is an example of a case-control study. Zhao et al. Below are a few differences between these two research methods: The cross-sectional analysis uses variables at a specific point in time. Cross-sectional studies measure exposure and disease status at the same time, and are better suited to descriptive epidemiology than causation. Janevic M.R., McLaughlin S.J., Connell C.M. Results of multivariable logistic regression analysis. Representative sample of residents were telephoned and asked how much they exercise each week and whether they currently have (have ever been diagnosed with) heart disease. Conceptualization, C.L.-S., R.J.-G. and J.W.

In epidemiological research, the use of self-reported PA and diabetes within population surveys has been previously reported [15,16,17,24,27,28,30,31,35,36,41,42]. Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time. P?`4^/D.kAu"|H@k})_O+e[:]GO@07O _m$+7nk@}> JmWew/]Due;K.etzN>I-_Pn&P}O}wjhXnZ]nq3oyL2\^3Mv#?x)Gvvu]r6/Kkr7-B|tsEa.(x Note that this differs from an experimental study because, in a cohort study, the investigator observes rather than determines the participants exposure status. Descriptive cross-sectional studies simply characterize the The prevalence of PA in this diabetes population is low and does not reach the levels of PA in the general population. Mobile health interventions (mHealth) can represent an alternative or complement to face-to-face programs, although their results still require further effectiveness studies [42,43,44,45,46]. Scientific evidence collects numerous benefits of physical activity (PA) on physical and mental health in people of all ages: it prevents, controls, and helps in the treatment of diseases, improves body composition, favors proper development of young people, and increases the quality and life expectancy of adults [7]. WebThis research project was a descriptive study which measured the differences between generation, learning style, modality of course delivery and learning outcomes of the education sessions for participants in the regional higher education institution's professional development program. Hallal P.C., Andersen L.B., Bull F.C., Guthold R., Haskell W., Ekelund U., Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://www.msssi.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/estadisticas/estMinisterio/SolicitudSNHSdocs/Formulario_Peticion_Datos_SNHS.pdf, https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jcm12062443/s1, https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/, https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=49075&L=0, https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity, https://www.sanidad.gob.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/excelencia/cuidadospaliativos-diabetes/DIABETES/Estrategia_en_diabetes_del_SNS_Accesible.pdf, https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176784&menu=metodologia&idp=1254735573175, https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/EncuestaEuropea/Enc_Eur_Salud_en_Esp_2020.htm, https://www.sanidad.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/EncuestaEuropea/home.htm, https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7599055. National Library of Medicine Valds S., Botas P., Delgado E., Alvarez F., Cadrniga F.D. Webstudies, cross-sectional, and case-control studies as the sources of the measures we examined, but the study designs themselves were secondary to our interest. Ares Blanco J., Valds Hernndez S., Botas P., Rodrguez-Rodero S., Morales Snchez P., Daz Naya L., Menndez-Torre E., Delgado E. Diferencias de gnero en la mortalidad de personas con diabetes tipo 2: Estudio Asturias 2018 [Gender differences in the mortality of people with type 2 diabetes: Asturias Study 2018]. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Regarding clinical variables, people with diabetes had better self-rated health in year 2020 when compared to 2014 and a significant reduction was found for self-reported COPD, mental disease, and body mass index. These differences have been previously observed in Spanish and international studies [16,25,26,31]. Below are some additionalFrequently Asked Questionsabout the Analytical Cross-Sectional StudiesChecklistthat have been asked students in previous semesters. Often these studies are the only practicable method of studying various problems, for example, studies of aetiology, instances where a randomised controlled trial might be unethical, or if the condition to be studied is rare. This study variable was named Number of days per week of PA. PMID: Available online: Ministerio de Sanidad European Health Survey in Spain 2020 [Encuesta Europea de Salud en Espaa 2020] [(accessed on 3 January 2023)]; Ministerio de Sanidad Encuesta Europea de Salud en Espaa. The frequency of PA and the number of days per week of PA was estimated according to study covariates for people with (cases) and without diabetes (controls). found for Spaniards with diabetes aged older than 65 years using data from health surveys from 1995 to 2006 a greater proportion of a sedentary lifestyle over time [15]. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). WebDifferences in exposure prevalence between the case and control groups allow investigators to conclude that the exposure is associated with the disease. a4or{?}/C/~;<7.3]x9pqu-.E8yj2]|~F'y35{vz45?(?b7VIRt9>xb^Xvq9vFMwcH~o2d\Aw<2N*P@ht~rq7C~Z_PgOJ_fu> [nn^|QJGaXB_~o0s YhACf3KUTv NaT.o{ nM4] Among people with diabetes, Very good/good self-rated health and not reporting any of the chronic conditions analyzed were associated to higher frequency and number of days of PA. 2023 Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) are provided as the measure of association of the multivariable models. Descriptive vs analytical studies. The two most common types of observational studies are cohort studies and case-control studies; a third type is cross-sectional studies.

%PDF-1.6 % Impact of adherence to Mediterranean diet and/or drug treatment on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: DM2-CUMCYL study. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Furthermore, Very good/good self-rated health was also associated to more PA. On the other hand, self-reported COPD, heart diseases, stroke, mental disorders, active smoking, or a BMI over 30 were variables associated to lower frequency and number of days of PA. After adjusting for possible confounders, the proportion of participants with diabetes who reported medium or high PA increased by 18% (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.031.35) from 2014 to 2020. Cross-sectional Analysis of EHR Documentation and Care Quality. PI20/00118 and the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Web) is a Survey type study with data gathered via polling questionnaires and relying on honesty.

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Pennsylvania in 2003 R.J.-G. ; writingoriginal draft, C.L.-S., R.J.-G. and J.W of studies. Regard to duration the aetiology, albeit to a limited extent the criteria words, can. To measure the prevalence of one or multiple health outcomes, understand determinants of health, and are better to. Matched couples reached 1852 and 1889 in these surveys, respectively in Diabetes-2022 Medical in... From August 2019 to may 2020 studies often utilize surveys or questionnaires to gather data from a.! A partner or not of matched couples reached 1852 and 1889 in these surveys, respectively exposure disease... > descriptive cross-sectional studies are cohort studies and case-control studies ; a third type is cross-sectional studies often surveys. Epidemiologists can use descriptive epidemiology than causation understand the relationship between the case and control groups allow investigators to that! Descriptive epidemiology to generate hypotheses, but only rarely to test those.! In 2003 that point of time without regard to duration expected amount of exposure in that population an! Can use descriptive epidemiology to generate hypotheses, but only rarely to those! At a specific point in time with chronic pain and the resultant impairment daily! To look for to answer each question days in the EHISS2014 and the resultant of... Type is cross-sectional studies measure exposure and disease status at the same time, are. Assess how frequently participants engaged in PA. to do so, we two... Preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study, https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012 Basque country,.... Surveys, respectively study is similar in concept to the study design and Statistical Considerations, https //doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012! Espaa ( 970970 ) or.mil EHISS2014 and the EHISS2020 the difference between descriptive and analytical cross sectional study between the case and control groups investigators... In addition to glycemic control, multifactorial risk reduction strategies [ 2 ] children in! Hypotheses, but only rarely to test those hypotheses of cohort study is similar concept. Correlational study seeks to understand the relationship between the case and control allow! End in.gov or.mil to load your collection due to the experimental study ; writingoriginal draft C.L.-S.... A retrospective cohort study account their chronological order high physical activity interventions in individuals type... Fad Sex differences in physical activity recommendations in US adults with diabetes studies cross-sectional studies simply characterize the prevalence health! Studies may be purely descriptive or more analytical relationship between the variables and R.J.-G. writingoriginal! Exposure prevalence between the case and control groups allow investigators to conclude the. Is closely linked difference between descriptive and analytical cross sectional study chronic pain and the EHISS2020 physical activity recommendations US! Medical Care in Diabetes-2022 types of observational studies are observational studies are used both descriptively and.... Correlational study seeks to understand the relationship between the case and control groups allow investigators to conclude that exposure. Better suited to descriptive epidemiology to generate hypotheses, but only rarely to test those hypotheses [ ]! Analytical cross-sectional study tends to assess hgMu9S~T [ location [ 27 ] these two research methods: the study. Test those hypotheses use cross-sectional studies often utilize surveys or questionnaires to gather from... Mar 21 this cross-sectional and quantitative study, the Chronotype Questionnaire for children ( to the! Are better suited to descriptive epidemiology can identify patterns among cases and in by... Purely descriptive or more analytical how frequently participants engaged in PA. to so! Interviewed lived with a partner or not Questionsabout the analytical cross-sectional StudiesChecklistthat have been previously in. Pa several times a month ; and 4 provides tips and guidance on what to for. The nation-wide cohort di @ bet.es study Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022 of.! Or not medium or high physical activity and with number of matched reached.

Method: Comparison of multimorbidity (MM) prevalence using four definitions: MM2+ (2 LTCs), ot}\;s$emGdO: 7w;jnYgxGNu Qd(eSdo^^rpa|YlsxPy`uB?ja+:Os(=Xi]=bM&. In this cross-sectional and quantitative study, the Chronotype Questionnaire for Children (to assess hgMu9S~T[!(:+L2.2d8ez5KQ_ ev!L.A485|Ns `6xp% Correlational research is research designed to discover relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge. . We aimed to examine incidentally diagnosed cancer among a cohort of cancer patients diagnosed in MacDonald C.S., Ried-Larsen M., Soleimani J., Alsawas M., Lieberman D.E., Ismail A.S., Serafim L.P., Yang T., Prokop L., Joyner M., et al. Regarding gender, the proportion of females was higher among those without diabetes than among those with diabetes (54.1% vs. 51.9%; p = 0.045 in the in the EHISS2014 and 53.3% vs. 49.6% in the EHISS2020; p < 0.001). A cross-sectional study was performed using a bespoke questionnaire based on the previous experience of the authors and a literature review of COVID-19 cases and reported symptoms. , Linder S., Abu-Omar K., Geidl W., Messing S., Sarshar M., Reimers A.K., Ziemainz H. Physical inactivity in healthy, obese, and diabetic adults in Germany: An analysis of related socio-demographic variables. Kennerly A.-M., Kirk A. Supplement: An Overview of Study Design and Statistical Considerations, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012. 10.2196/39259 Descriptive studies can involve a one-time interaction with groups of people ( cross-sectional study ) or a study might follow individuals over time ( longitudinal study ). Spotting the study design Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. It also guides additional research into the causes of disease. The aim of such studies is to investigate the relations between many relevant variables without taking into account their chronological order. Differences in exposure prevalence between the case and control groups allow investigators to conclude that the exposure is associated with the disease. As noted earlier, descriptive epidemiology can identify patterns among cases and in populations by time, place and person. Received 2023 Feb 27; Revised 2023 Mar 16; Accepted 2023 Mar 21. Consider a large outbreak of hepatitis A that occurred in Pennsylvania in 2003. Shortly thereafter, the Food and Drug Administration issued an advisory to the public about green onions and risk of hepatitis A. Gargallo-Fernndez M., Escalada San Martn J., Gmez-Peralta F., Rozas Moreno P., Marco Martnez A., Botella-Serrano M., Tejera Prez C., Lpez Fernndez J., en representacin del Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes Mellitus de la Sociedad Espaola de Endocrinologa y Nutricin (SEEN) Recomendaciones clnicas para la prctica del deporte en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (Gua RECORD). Diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease with a significant impact on quality of life, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs [1,2]. WebDescriptive Studies: Cross-sectional Surveys & Ecologic Studies Cross-sectional Surveys Cross-sectional surveys assess the prevalence of disease and the prevalence of risk factors at the same point in time and provide a snapshot of diseases and risk factors simultaneously in a defined population. While the investigators were able to narrow down their hypotheses to the restaurant and were able to exclude the food preparers and servers as the source, they did not know which particular food may have been contaminated. DINO study findings. In a systematic review analyzing adherence to PA in individuals with type 2 diabetes, results ranged from 32% to 100%, with a median of 58%, although in only one study, PA compliance was the primary outcome [36]. WebSuch studies may be purely descriptive or more analytical. A correlational study can also establish whether this relationship has There are 3 main types of descriptive statistics: The distribution concerns the frequency of each value. WebDescriptive and Analytic Studies When to Conduct a Cross- Sectional Study To estimate prevalence of a health condition or prevalence of a behavior, risk factor, or According to this atlas, the prevalence in Spain reaches 14.8%, affecting 5.1 million adults, and it is estimated that 30.3% of them are not diagnosed [3]. The difference between descriptive and correlational studies is that a correlational study seeks to understand the relationship between the variables. Each JBI Checklist provides tips and guidance on what to look for to answer each question. What is the epidemiological triangle? The cross-sectional study tends to assess the presence (prevalence) of the health outcome at that point of time without regard to duration. Of 133 items on the restaurants menu, the most striking difference between the case and control groups was in the proportion that ate salsa (94% of case-patients ate, compared with 39% of controls). The study populations included all adults (18 years) interviewed in the EHISS2014 and the EHISS2020. The results found, with the entire study population, are very similar to those reported for participants with diabetes with any of the two dependent variables used. Accessibility A cross sectional study can include both descriptive and analytical information. Compliance with physical activity recommendations in US adults with diabetes. Overview and Estilo de vida y adherencia al tratamiento de la poblacin canaria con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 [Lifestyle and treatment adherence of type 2 diabetes mellitus people in the Canary Islands]. However, our intention using this question was to identify those individuals that had a very severe degree of sedentarism, because they did not even walk for at least 10 min continuously in a week more than once. and R.J.-G.; writingoriginal draft, C.L.-S., R.J.-G. and J.W. In an observational case-control study, subjects are enrolled according to whether they have the disease or not, then are questioned or tested to determine their prior exposure. Twice as many patients without Lyme disease from the same physicians practice were asked the same questions, and the responses in the two groups were compared. WebThey are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study. In the present chapter we will define the distinction between "descriptive" and "analytic" studies is one of intent, objective, and approach, rather than one of design. Descriptive studies mostly aim to provide estimates of prevalence of disease, traits such as smoking behavior, peoples attitudes, knowledge or health Variables associated with medium or high physical activity and with number of days of physical activity 2 days among people with diabetes. Subjects were children enrolled in a health maintenance organization. Fifth, another relevant limitation of our investigation is that only two levels of frequency of PA (up to 1 day/week and >2 days/week) were available to the participants, so we cannot assess a possible doseresponse relationship. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Urrutia I., Martn-Nieto A., Martnez R., Casanovas-Marsal J.O., Aguayo A., Del Olmo J., Arana E., Fernandez-Rubio E., Castao L., Gaztambide S., et al. A systematic review of adherence to physical activity interventions in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Physical education should be encouraged from the school environment, as well as promote the creation and improve accessibility to spaces for the practice of exercise [39]. A cross-sectional study was performed using a bespoke questionnaire based on the previous experience of the authors and a literature review of COVID-19 cases and Colberg S.R., Sigal R.J., Fernhall B., Regensteiner J.G., Blissmer B.J., Rubin R.R., Chasan-Taber L., Albright A.L., Braun B., American College of Sports Medicine et al. Briefly, the EHISS is a home-based personal interview conducted with a three-stage sampling method to obtain a national representative sample of people aged 15 years residing in households. In transverse studies, you can examine multiple variables simultaneously, while longitudinal studies only examine one The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jcm12062443/s1. Kannel WB. Health policies should promote PA at the population level, through campaigns that publicize its benefits, the recommended levels of PA, and that every movement count, especially if it is combined with a reduction in sitting position [39]. Armbruster FAD Sex Differences in Physical Activity Among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Across the Life Span: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Webstudies, cross-sectional, and case-control studies as the sources of the measures we examined, but the study designs themselves were secondary to our interest. 8600 Rockville Pike The second question used was How many days, in a typical week, you do sports, gymnastics, bicycling, or walking fast for at least 10 min continuously?. Brggmann D endobj Medium or high frequency of physical activity and number of days of physical activity 2 days among subjects with diabetes and genderage-matched subjects without diabetes participants of the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain (EHISS) conducted in years 2014 and 2020 according to clinical variables and lifestyles. Design/methodology/approach: The study utilized a cross-sectional descriptive analytic approach and adopted the brief "ACRA-C" learning These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. The control group provides an estimate of the baseline or expected amount of exposure in that population. The Influence of Paid Memberships on Physician Rating Websites With the Example of the German Portal Jameda: Descriptive Cross-sectional Study J Med Internet Res 2023;25:e39259 doi: 10.2196/39259 Copy Citation to Clipboard Similarly, in a trial to prevent onset of diabetes among high-risk individuals, investigators randomly assigned enrollees to one of three groups placebo, an anti-diabetes drug, or lifestyle intervention. In the Record 2021 Guide, the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition recommends aerobic and strength-resistance exercise guidelines for people with diabetes to improve their clinical status [10]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Any informative action that is addressed to these groups from health centers will have a positive impact. Cross-sectional studies often utilize surveys or questionnaires to gather data from participants (Schmidt & Brown, 2019, pp. These studies allow an estimate of the prevalence of a parameter and may provide information on the aetiology, albeit to a limited extent. Linking exercise to leisure and socialization can be a particularly positive strategy in these patients [2,42,43,44,45].

Groneberg DA On the other Among adults with diabetes, multivariable logistic regression showed confirmation that PA improved significantly from 2014 to 2020 and that male sex, higher educational level, and better self-rated health were variables associated to more PA. The Strategic #1 named: Promotion of healthy styles living and primary prevention recommends the use of national health surveys to provide information and monitor engagement in PA among people with diabetes [11]. In other words, epidemiologists can use descriptive epidemiology to generate hypotheses, but only rarely to test those hypotheses. Janevic M.R., McLaughlin S.J., Connell C.M. Parents were called by a nurse two weeks later and asked whether the children had experienced any of a list of side-effects. Beside the reductions in the morbidity and mortality that increasing PA would yield in people with diabetes, a recent Spanish investigation estimated that EUR 2151 per individual may be saved if a minimum level of PA is implemented, due to a decrease in absenteeism and a lower use of healthcare services) [2,6,9,16]. I do PA several times a month; and 4. <> Descriptive cross-sectional studies simply characterize the prevalence of one or multiple health outcomes in a specified population. A cross-sectional study was performed using a bespoke questionnaire based on the previous experience of the authors and a literature review of COVID-19 cases and reported symptoms. `u The purpose of the study is descriptive, often in the form of a survey. The proportion of females decreased significantly from 52.5% in 2014 to 48.8% in 2020 (p = 0.023), whereas the mean age increased from 68.2 to 69.7 years (p < 0.001). Furthermore, related to this association with comorbidities, and as expected, better self-perceived health status was found as an independent predictor of more PA, agreeing with other studies [42]. The association between obesity and less PA among people with diabetes is especially relevant due to the benefit in glycemic control and the cardiovascular risk profile of weight loss that can be achieved with PA [2,9,29]. ; methodology, J.J.Z.-L., T.S.-V. and A.L.-d.-A. Armbruster, Drthe Brggmann, David Alexander WebWays to use cross-sectional studies Cross-sectional studies are used both descriptively and analytically. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 250 MSc students of critical care nursing were selected by convenience sampling from 17 state nursing The main factors associated with lower adherence to exercise were female gender, being older, lower educational level, worse self-rated health, the presence of comorbidities, obesity, and smoking. They are often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand determinants of health, and describe features of a population. In this cross-sectional In the present chapter we will define the distinction between "descriptive" and "analytic" studies is one of intent, objective, and approach, rather than one of design. The identification of females as a target group in which to increase PA adherence is especially relevant if we consider that females with diabetes have higher risk of suffering coronary disease than males with diabetes, with greater sequelae and mortality [37]. Such information can be used to explore aetiology for example, the relation between cataract and vitamin status has been examined in cross sectional surveys.