)from petroleum and other liquids: 46,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. [25] The Falkland Islands Development Corporation which formed as a result of the Shackleton Report provided the impetus for the Falkland Islands to exploit their marine environment. They are home to large bird populations, although many no longer breed on the main islands due to predation by introduced species. )0.6542 (2016 est. [111], The Falkland Islands are biogeographically part of the Antarctic zone,[112] with strong connections to the flora and fauna of Patagonia in mainland South America. [23], The Falklands remained uninhabited until the 1764 establishment of Port Louis on East Falkland by French captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville and the 1766 foundation of Port Egmont on Saunders Island by British captain John MacBride. The Falkland Islands use the Falkland pound, which is backed by the British pound. The Falkland Islands' fishing waters form part of the 2.7 million square kilometre Patagonian Shelf large marine ecosystem and are located on a spur from the Patagonian Continental Shelf. [33] During the 19th century, the supply and maintenance depot for ships at Stanley developed into a port serving ships rounding Cape Horn. These days, the island chain has a stable economy and population and is keen to assert its independence free of unwanted Argentine influence. ), total: 1,000 (2020 est. The population (3,662 inhabitants in 2021)[1] is primarily native-born Falkland Islanders, the majority of British descent. 
While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. There are a primary and a secondary school at Stanley and several smaller schools in rural areas. [56] The sovereignty dispute intensified during the 1960s, shortly after the United Nations passed a resolution on decolonisation which Argentina interpreted as favourable to its position. )solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Population: 3,198 Population per km: 0.263 Currency The currency on the Falkland Islands is the Falklands pound (FKP). In the First World War Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 a Royal Navy fleet defeated an Imperial German squadron. 
[72] Under the 2009 Constitution, the islands have full internal self-government; the UK is responsible for foreign affairs, retaining the power "to protect UK interests and to ensure the overall good governance of the territory". The Illex squid (Illex argentinus) which typically has a mantle length of 20 to 28 centimetres (8 to 11in) and a weight of 150 to 500 grams (5 to 18oz) is the most important fish to the Falklands economy followed by its smaller cousin, the Patagonian squid (Doryteuthis gahi) which typically has a mantle length of 10 to 15 centimetres (4 to 6in) and a weight of 75 to 150 grams (3 to 5oz). ), a very small population, with most residents living in and around Stanley, deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short growing season, 3,198 (2016 est. During the same period the government expenditure was 47.6million. The outbreak of conflict [M] A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 British Ministry of Defence civil servants present in the Falklands. The remaining 2 per cent identified as adherents of other religions, including the Bah Faith,[149] Buddhism,[150] and Islam. Squid are abundant in the waters surrounding the islands, but overfishing became an issue in the 1990s, and measures were taken to correct the problem. WebEconomy - overview: The economy was formerly based on agriculture, mainly sheep farming, but fishing and tourism currently comprise the bulk of economic activity. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their GCE Advanced Level or vocational qualifications. These days, the island chain has a stable economy and population and is keen to assert its independence free of unwanted Argentine influence. )exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. [50], During the 20082009 season almost 69,000 tourists visited the Falklands, with 62,600 of these arriving onboard cruise or expedition vessels. War was narrowly avoided by its restitution to Britain in 1771. [33], Tourism is the second-largest part of the economy. Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946. Since then the islands have issued their own stamps, which are a source of revenue from overseas collectors. A summary of the prices for the period 2002 to 2010, which are often dictated by Australian exchange rate and weather conditions[19] is shown below:[20], Although the production of wool is spread across the islands, the breeding of animals for slaughter is concentrated on East Falkland where the EU accredited Send Bay abattoir is situated. [39] The Argentine Confederation (headed by Buenos Aires Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas) protested against Britain's actions,[40][G] and Argentine governments have continued since then to register official protests against Britain. [145] Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The name "Falkland Islands" comes from Falkland Sound, the strait that separates the two main islands. https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands, Official Tourism Site of The Falkland Islands, CRW Flags - Flag of Falkland Islands, United Kingdom, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Falkland Islands - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Falkland Islands - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). At its highest point, the Burdwood Bank is 46 metres (151ft) below sea level. Oil exploration, licensed by the Falkland Islands Government, remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina. Consistently high west winds average 19 miles (31 km) per hour, while the mean annual average temperature is about 42 F (5 C), with an average maximum of 49 F (9 C) and an average minimum of 37 F (3 C). If the SSB drops below a threshold of 40000tonnes the SAFC recommend will early closure of the fishing season. Pop. [13], In 1965, at the 20th session[14] of the United Nations General Assembly, the Fourth Committee determined that, in all languages other than Spanish, all UN documentation would designate the territory as Falkland Islands (Malvinas). ), Installed nameplate capacity of electric generation, The Falkland Islands do not have a central bank but the Standard Chartered Bank has a single branch in Stanley that offers retail, commercial and wholesale banking facilities.[13]. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland. [132] Port Stanley Airport provides internal flights. The islands British heritage is apparent in Stanley, where pubs, bright red mailboxes, and well-kept gardens are numerous. As the blueprint for the future development of the Falkland Islands, this means there are a number of capital commitments included within the Budget for 2021/22. [45] Vernet's deputy, the Scotsman Matthew Brisbane, returned to the islands that year to restore the business, but his efforts ended after, amid unrest at Port Louis, gaucho Antonio Rivero led a group of dissatisfied individuals to murder Brisbane and the settlement's senior leaders; survivors hid in a cave on a nearby island until the British returned and restored order. The wells will be arranged in clusters of 6 wells per drill centre. WebThe economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the 222nd largest out of 229 in the world by GDP , but ranks 5th worldwide by GDP (PPP) per capita. [7] The Viscount's title originates from the town of Falkland, Scotlandthe town's name probably comes from a Gaelic term referring to an "enclosure" (lann),[A] but it could less plausibly be from the Anglo-Saxon term "folkland" (land held by folk-right). )percent of population: 99% (2019 est. gold in the assiniboine river; saang direksyon matatagpuan ang luzon strait [16] In 2010, the transport and hospitality sector was expected to contribute 7.8 million or 7.7% of the island's GDP. )consumption: 19.133 million kWh (2019 est. [63] Two months later, on 6 May 2010, when Rockhopper Exploration announced that "it may have struck oil",[64] Argentina's Foreign Minister warned that his country would take all possible lawful steps to impede British oil exploration and production there. 19 million kWh (2016 est. [10] The term "Falklands" is a standard abbreviation used to refer to the islands. [140] The Falkland-born population are also descended from English and French people, Gibraltarians, Scandinavians, and South Americans. [39] This resulted in a ban on fishing which was lifted in 2005. [27] Problems began when Spain detected and captured Port Egmont in 1770. The Falkland Islands Development Corporation was formed in mid 1984 and in its annual report at the end of that year it set out to increase employment opportunities by encouraging diversification, to increase population levels through selective immigration, to aim for long-term self-sufficiency and to improve community facilities. [49], Simmering tensions between the UK and Argentina increased during the second half of the century, when Argentine President Juan Pern asserted sovereignty over the archipelago. Today, the Falklands pays its way, bar British financial support for defence. )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. [48] Nonetheless, Falklander dissent, as expressed by their strong lobby in the UK Parliament, and tensions between the UK and Argentina effectively limited sovereignty negotiations until 1977. [73] Residents have the right of appeal to the European Court of Human Rights and the Privy Council. In 1987, the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers operating within the Falkland Islands' exclusive fishing zone. Farmland accounts for a little over 80% of the Falklands land area[15] and a sheep appears on the islands' coat of arms, but agriculture is now less than 2% of the economy. [154] The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being British English; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish. ), agriculture: 41% (2015 est. Self-catering accommodation at holiday cottages on island farms. )$125 million (2004 est. Falkland Islands, also called Malvinas Islands or Spanish Islas Malvinas, internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the South Atlantic Ocean. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 160 (2021 est. The Falklands governed these territories as the Falkland Islands Dependencies starting in 1908, and retained them until their dissolution in 1985. [120], Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. A long-running dispute between Argentina and the UK Shutterstock [141], In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as Christian (66 per cent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 per cent). [130] Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field exploration and tourism. [55] After the war ended, the Falklands economy was affected by declining wool prices and the political uncertainty resulting from the revived sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina. It then diversified and now has income from tourism, commercial fishing , and servicing the fishing industry as well as agriculture.
[61] In April 1982 the Falklands War began when Argentine military forces invaded the Falklands and other British territories in the South Atlantic, briefly occupying them until a UK expeditionary force retook the territories in June. The principal ocean currents in the Falkland Island waters are the West Wind Drift, a cold current from the Southern Pacific Ocean that flows westwards to the south of the Burdwood Bank[27] and the north flowing cold Falklands current, an offshoot of the West Wind Drift that curls around the east of Falklands Plateau and along the Falklands and Patagonian escarpments. [59] Climatic conditions of the southern seas mean that exploitation will be a difficult task, though economically viable, and the continuing Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute with Argentina is hampering progress. )refined petroleum consumption: 300 bbl/day (2019 est. About 65 species of birds, including black-browed albatrosses, Falkland pipits, peregrine falcons, and striated caracaras, are found on the islands. The principal islands are about 300mi (480km) east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752mi (1,210km) from Cape Dubouzet at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52S. WebThe government has today published a new report State of the Falkland Islands Economy 2020. 79.6, improved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 78.2% of populationtotal: 95.3% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 21.8% of populationtotal: 4.7% of population (2020), improved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 100% of populationtotal: 100% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 0% of populationtotal: 0% of population (2020), overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer - introduced to the islands in 2001 from South Georgia - are part of a farming effort to produce specialty meat and diversify the islands' economy; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the 1986 Chornobyl disaster; grazing threatens important habitats including tussac grass and its ecosystem with penguins and sea lions; soil erosion from fires, conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)etymology: the archipelago takes its name from the Falkland Sound, the strait separating the two main islands; the channel itself was named after the Viscount of FALKLAND, who sponsored an expedition to the islands in 1690; the Spanish name for the archipelago derives from the French "Iles Malouines," the name applied to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de BOUGAINVILLE in 1764, parliamentary democracy (Legislative Assembly); self-governing overseas territory of the UK, overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina, name: Stanleygeographic coordinates: 51 42 S, 57 51 Wtime difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: named after Edward SMITH-STANLEY (1799-1869), the 14th Earl of Derby, a British statesman and three-time prime minister of the UK who never visited the islands, none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina), history: previous 1985; latest entered into force 1 January 2009 (The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008), chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor Alison BLAKE (since 23 July 2022)head of government: Chief Executive Andy KEELING (since April 2021)cabinet: Executive Council elected by the Legislative Councilelections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief executive appointed by the governor, description: unicameral Legislative Assembly, formerly the Legislative Council (10 seats; 5 members directly elected in the Stanley constituency and 3 members in the Camp constituency by simple majority vote, 2 appointed non-voting ex-officio members - the chief executive, appointed by the governor, and the financial secretary; members serve 4-year terms); note - several previous referendums - the latest in September 2020 - on whether to merge the Stanley and Camp constituencies into a single islands wide constituency, failedelections: last held on 4 November 2021 (next to be held in November 2025)election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 8; composition of elected members -men 6, women 2, percent of women 25%, highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, the chief justice as an ex officio non-resident member, and 2 justices of appeal); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)judge selection and term of office: chief justice, court of appeal president, and justices appointed by the governor; tenure specified in each justice's instrument of appointmentsubordinate courts: Magistrate's Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction, embassy: none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina), blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT, name: "Song of the Falklands"lyrics/music: Christopher LANHAMnote: adopted 1930s; the song is the local unofficial anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, "God Save the King" is official (see United Kingdom), British South American territorial economy; longstanding fishing industry; surging tourism prior to COVID-19 and Brexit; recent offshore hydrocarbon discoveries threaten ecotourism industries; no central bank and must have British approval on currency shifts, $206.4 million (2015 est. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, but the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. A further industry that may well strengthen the economic position of the Falklands is hydrocarbons, and in her article, Grace Livingstone considers how important a role oil has played in British policy towards the Islands and in the Falklands itself. Falkland Islands, also called Malvinas Islands or Spanish Islas Malvinas, internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the South Atlantic Ocean. [115] The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native vascular species. Each class of licence has its own characteristics species or combination of species that may be taken, net sizes that may be used and seasons when the licence is valid. )services: 38.4% (2015 est. [9] The contributors to the GDP by sector (2010 forecast) are: [10] Fisheries 52.5% Government (including health and education) 14.0% Other ethnicities include French, Gibraltarians, and Scandinavians. [45], The table below shows the average catch in tonnes of various species (as categorised by FIFD - Falkland Island Fishing Department) for successive five-year periods. [66], Based on Lord Shackleton's recommendations, the Falklands diversified from a sheep-based monoculture into an economy of tourism and, with the establishment of the Falklands exclusive economic zone, fisheries. As of 2010, the ferry company making the crossing charged commercial vehicles 30 per metre for a single trip plus 2 per head of sheep. In 1990 the Falklands Outer Conservation Zone (FOCZ) was declared a zone that lay between the perimeter of the FICZ and the Falklands 200-nautical-mile economic zone boundary. [57] From 1966 until 1968, the UK confidentially discussed with Argentina the transfer of the Falklands, assuming its judgement would be accepted by the islanders. It then returns to its spawning grounds via a route that lies off the continental shelf. [145] In the 2012 census, a majority of residents listed their nationality as Falkland Islander (59 per cent), followed by British (29 per cent), Saint Helenian (9.8 per cent), and Chilean (5.4 per cent). Sporting activities are popular on the islands and include bird-watching, fishing, and horseback riding. Diplomatic disputes with Argentina disrupted tourism slightly in 2004. [34] In some years, such as 2007, it enters the FICZ with a resultant good harvest, it other years, such as 2009, it does not migrate as far south as the FICZ at all. The main settlements are linked by roads and a government-operated air service, which also provides interisland passenger service. Males outnumber females (53 to 47 per cent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the 2060 age group. Four sedimentary basins that could potentially contain hydrocarbons have been identified in the Falkland Island waters. [130], The primary sector of the economy accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population. In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty. [63] The war also left some 117 minefields containing nearly 20,000 mines of various types, including anti-vehicle and anti-personnel mines. [118], The islands are frequented by marine mammals, such as the southern elephant seal and the South American fur seal, and various types of cetaceans; offshore islands house the rare striated caracara. Secondary school at Stanley and several smaller schools in rural areas % ( 2019 est Dependencies starting in 1908 and. Islanders, the Falklands pound ( FKP ) government expenditure was 47.6million island chain has a stable economy and and. Islands due to predation by introduced species the SAFC recommend will early closure the... ] is primarily native-born Falkland Islanders, the majority of British descent are numerous [ ]!, Virtually the entire land area of the islands and include bird-watching, fishing, and South.. Internal flights Human Rights and the Privy Council ] This resulted in a ban on fishing which was lifted 2005. 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While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. There are a primary and a secondary school at Stanley and several smaller schools in rural areas. [56] The sovereignty dispute intensified during the 1960s, shortly after the United Nations passed a resolution on decolonisation which Argentina interpreted as favourable to its position. )solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Population: 3,198 Population per km: 0.263 Currency The currency on the Falkland Islands is the Falklands pound (FKP). In the First World War Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 a Royal Navy fleet defeated an Imperial German squadron. [72] Under the 2009 Constitution, the islands have full internal self-government; the UK is responsible for foreign affairs, retaining the power "to protect UK interests and to ensure the overall good governance of the territory". The Illex squid (Illex argentinus) which typically has a mantle length of 20 to 28 centimetres (8 to 11in) and a weight of 150 to 500 grams (5 to 18oz) is the most important fish to the Falklands economy followed by its smaller cousin, the Patagonian squid (Doryteuthis gahi) which typically has a mantle length of 10 to 15 centimetres (4 to 6in) and a weight of 75 to 150 grams (3 to 5oz). ), a very small population, with most residents living in and around Stanley, deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short growing season, 3,198 (2016 est. During the same period the government expenditure was 47.6million. The outbreak of conflict [M] A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 British Ministry of Defence civil servants present in the Falklands. The remaining 2 per cent identified as adherents of other religions, including the Bah Faith,[149] Buddhism,[150] and Islam. Squid are abundant in the waters surrounding the islands, but overfishing became an issue in the 1990s, and measures were taken to correct the problem. WebEconomy - overview: The economy was formerly based on agriculture, mainly sheep farming, but fishing and tourism currently comprise the bulk of economic activity. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their GCE Advanced Level or vocational qualifications. These days, the island chain has a stable economy and population and is keen to assert its independence free of unwanted Argentine influence. )exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. [50], During the 20082009 season almost 69,000 tourists visited the Falklands, with 62,600 of these arriving onboard cruise or expedition vessels. War was narrowly avoided by its restitution to Britain in 1771. [33], Tourism is the second-largest part of the economy. Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946. Since then the islands have issued their own stamps, which are a source of revenue from overseas collectors. A summary of the prices for the period 2002 to 2010, which are often dictated by Australian exchange rate and weather conditions[19] is shown below:[20], Although the production of wool is spread across the islands, the breeding of animals for slaughter is concentrated on East Falkland where the EU accredited Send Bay abattoir is situated. [39] The Argentine Confederation (headed by Buenos Aires Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas) protested against Britain's actions,[40][G] and Argentine governments have continued since then to register official protests against Britain. [145] Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The name "Falkland Islands" comes from Falkland Sound, the strait that separates the two main islands. https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands, Official Tourism Site of The Falkland Islands, CRW Flags - Flag of Falkland Islands, United Kingdom, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Falkland Islands - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Falkland Islands - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). At its highest point, the Burdwood Bank is 46 metres (151ft) below sea level. Oil exploration, licensed by the Falkland Islands Government, remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina. Consistently high west winds average 19 miles (31 km) per hour, while the mean annual average temperature is about 42 F (5 C), with an average maximum of 49 F (9 C) and an average minimum of 37 F (3 C). If the SSB drops below a threshold of 40000tonnes the SAFC recommend will early closure of the fishing season. Pop. [13], In 1965, at the 20th session[14] of the United Nations General Assembly, the Fourth Committee determined that, in all languages other than Spanish, all UN documentation would designate the territory as Falkland Islands (Malvinas). ), Installed nameplate capacity of electric generation, The Falkland Islands do not have a central bank but the Standard Chartered Bank has a single branch in Stanley that offers retail, commercial and wholesale banking facilities.[13]. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland. [132] Port Stanley Airport provides internal flights. The islands British heritage is apparent in Stanley, where pubs, bright red mailboxes, and well-kept gardens are numerous. As the blueprint for the future development of the Falkland Islands, this means there are a number of capital commitments included within the Budget for 2021/22. [45] Vernet's deputy, the Scotsman Matthew Brisbane, returned to the islands that year to restore the business, but his efforts ended after, amid unrest at Port Louis, gaucho Antonio Rivero led a group of dissatisfied individuals to murder Brisbane and the settlement's senior leaders; survivors hid in a cave on a nearby island until the British returned and restored order. The wells will be arranged in clusters of 6 wells per drill centre. WebThe economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the 222nd largest out of 229 in the world by GDP , but ranks 5th worldwide by GDP (PPP) per capita. [7] The Viscount's title originates from the town of Falkland, Scotlandthe town's name probably comes from a Gaelic term referring to an "enclosure" (lann),[A] but it could less plausibly be from the Anglo-Saxon term "folkland" (land held by folk-right). )percent of population: 99% (2019 est. gold in the assiniboine river; saang direksyon matatagpuan ang luzon strait [16] In 2010, the transport and hospitality sector was expected to contribute 7.8 million or 7.7% of the island's GDP. )consumption: 19.133 million kWh (2019 est. [63] Two months later, on 6 May 2010, when Rockhopper Exploration announced that "it may have struck oil",[64] Argentina's Foreign Minister warned that his country would take all possible lawful steps to impede British oil exploration and production there. 19 million kWh (2016 est. [10] The term "Falklands" is a standard abbreviation used to refer to the islands. [140] The Falkland-born population are also descended from English and French people, Gibraltarians, Scandinavians, and South Americans. [39] This resulted in a ban on fishing which was lifted in 2005. [27] Problems began when Spain detected and captured Port Egmont in 1770. The Falkland Islands Development Corporation was formed in mid 1984 and in its annual report at the end of that year it set out to increase employment opportunities by encouraging diversification, to increase population levels through selective immigration, to aim for long-term self-sufficiency and to improve community facilities. [49], Simmering tensions between the UK and Argentina increased during the second half of the century, when Argentine President Juan Pern asserted sovereignty over the archipelago. Today, the Falklands pays its way, bar British financial support for defence. )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. [48] Nonetheless, Falklander dissent, as expressed by their strong lobby in the UK Parliament, and tensions between the UK and Argentina effectively limited sovereignty negotiations until 1977. [73] Residents have the right of appeal to the European Court of Human Rights and the Privy Council. In 1987, the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers operating within the Falkland Islands' exclusive fishing zone. Farmland accounts for a little over 80% of the Falklands land area[15] and a sheep appears on the islands' coat of arms, but agriculture is now less than 2% of the economy. [154] The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being British English; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish. ), agriculture: 41% (2015 est. Self-catering accommodation at holiday cottages on island farms. )$125 million (2004 est. Falkland Islands, also called Malvinas Islands or Spanish Islas Malvinas, internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the South Atlantic Ocean. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 160 (2021 est. The Falklands governed these territories as the Falkland Islands Dependencies starting in 1908, and retained them until their dissolution in 1985. [120], Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. A long-running dispute between Argentina and the UK Shutterstock [141], In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as Christian (66 per cent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 per cent). [130] Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field exploration and tourism. [55] After the war ended, the Falklands economy was affected by declining wool prices and the political uncertainty resulting from the revived sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina. It then diversified and now has income from tourism, commercial fishing , and servicing the fishing industry as well as agriculture. [61] In April 1982 the Falklands War began when Argentine military forces invaded the Falklands and other British territories in the South Atlantic, briefly occupying them until a UK expeditionary force retook the territories in June. The principal ocean currents in the Falkland Island waters are the West Wind Drift, a cold current from the Southern Pacific Ocean that flows westwards to the south of the Burdwood Bank[27] and the north flowing cold Falklands current, an offshoot of the West Wind Drift that curls around the east of Falklands Plateau and along the Falklands and Patagonian escarpments. [59] Climatic conditions of the southern seas mean that exploitation will be a difficult task, though economically viable, and the continuing Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute with Argentina is hampering progress. )refined petroleum consumption: 300 bbl/day (2019 est. About 65 species of birds, including black-browed albatrosses, Falkland pipits, peregrine falcons, and striated caracaras, are found on the islands. The principal islands are about 300mi (480km) east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752mi (1,210km) from Cape Dubouzet at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52S. WebThe government has today published a new report State of the Falkland Islands Economy 2020. 79.6, improved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 78.2% of populationtotal: 95.3% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 21.8% of populationtotal: 4.7% of population (2020), improved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 100% of populationtotal: 100% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 0% of populationtotal: 0% of population (2020), overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer - introduced to the islands in 2001 from South Georgia - are part of a farming effort to produce specialty meat and diversify the islands' economy; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the 1986 Chornobyl disaster; grazing threatens important habitats including tussac grass and its ecosystem with penguins and sea lions; soil erosion from fires, conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)etymology: the archipelago takes its name from the Falkland Sound, the strait separating the two main islands; the channel itself was named after the Viscount of FALKLAND, who sponsored an expedition to the islands in 1690; the Spanish name for the archipelago derives from the French "Iles Malouines," the name applied to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de BOUGAINVILLE in 1764, parliamentary democracy (Legislative Assembly); self-governing overseas territory of the UK, overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina, name: Stanleygeographic coordinates: 51 42 S, 57 51 Wtime difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: named after Edward SMITH-STANLEY (1799-1869), the 14th Earl of Derby, a British statesman and three-time prime minister of the UK who never visited the islands, none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina), history: previous 1985; latest entered into force 1 January 2009 (The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008), chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor Alison BLAKE (since 23 July 2022)head of government: Chief Executive Andy KEELING (since April 2021)cabinet: Executive Council elected by the Legislative Councilelections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief executive appointed by the governor, description: unicameral Legislative Assembly, formerly the Legislative Council (10 seats; 5 members directly elected in the Stanley constituency and 3 members in the Camp constituency by simple majority vote, 2 appointed non-voting ex-officio members - the chief executive, appointed by the governor, and the financial secretary; members serve 4-year terms); note - several previous referendums - the latest in September 2020 - on whether to merge the Stanley and Camp constituencies into a single islands wide constituency, failedelections: last held on 4 November 2021 (next to be held in November 2025)election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 8; composition of elected members -men 6, women 2, percent of women 25%, highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, the chief justice as an ex officio non-resident member, and 2 justices of appeal); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)judge selection and term of office: chief justice, court of appeal president, and justices appointed by the governor; tenure specified in each justice's instrument of appointmentsubordinate courts: Magistrate's Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction, embassy: none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina), blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT, name: "Song of the Falklands"lyrics/music: Christopher LANHAMnote: adopted 1930s; the song is the local unofficial anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, "God Save the King" is official (see United Kingdom), British South American territorial economy; longstanding fishing industry; surging tourism prior to COVID-19 and Brexit; recent offshore hydrocarbon discoveries threaten ecotourism industries; no central bank and must have British approval on currency shifts, $206.4 million (2015 est. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, but the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. A further industry that may well strengthen the economic position of the Falklands is hydrocarbons, and in her article, Grace Livingstone considers how important a role oil has played in British policy towards the Islands and in the Falklands itself. Falkland Islands, also called Malvinas Islands or Spanish Islas Malvinas, internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the South Atlantic Ocean. [115] The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native vascular species. Each class of licence has its own characteristics species or combination of species that may be taken, net sizes that may be used and seasons when the licence is valid. )services: 38.4% (2015 est. [9] The contributors to the GDP by sector (2010 forecast) are: [10] Fisheries 52.5% Government (including health and education) 14.0% Other ethnicities include French, Gibraltarians, and Scandinavians. [45], The table below shows the average catch in tonnes of various species (as categorised by FIFD - Falkland Island Fishing Department) for successive five-year periods. [66], Based on Lord Shackleton's recommendations, the Falklands diversified from a sheep-based monoculture into an economy of tourism and, with the establishment of the Falklands exclusive economic zone, fisheries. As of 2010, the ferry company making the crossing charged commercial vehicles 30 per metre for a single trip plus 2 per head of sheep. In 1990 the Falklands Outer Conservation Zone (FOCZ) was declared a zone that lay between the perimeter of the FICZ and the Falklands 200-nautical-mile economic zone boundary. [57] From 1966 until 1968, the UK confidentially discussed with Argentina the transfer of the Falklands, assuming its judgement would be accepted by the islanders. It then returns to its spawning grounds via a route that lies off the continental shelf. [145] In the 2012 census, a majority of residents listed their nationality as Falkland Islander (59 per cent), followed by British (29 per cent), Saint Helenian (9.8 per cent), and Chilean (5.4 per cent). Sporting activities are popular on the islands and include bird-watching, fishing, and horseback riding. Diplomatic disputes with Argentina disrupted tourism slightly in 2004. [34] In some years, such as 2007, it enters the FICZ with a resultant good harvest, it other years, such as 2009, it does not migrate as far south as the FICZ at all. The main settlements are linked by roads and a government-operated air service, which also provides interisland passenger service. Males outnumber females (53 to 47 per cent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the 2060 age group. Four sedimentary basins that could potentially contain hydrocarbons have been identified in the Falkland Island waters. [130], The primary sector of the economy accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population. In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty. [63] The war also left some 117 minefields containing nearly 20,000 mines of various types, including anti-vehicle and anti-personnel mines. 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