114, pp. Table 4 shows the parameter estimation results from formula (5), where (I), (II), and (III) are robust least squares estimation of heteroscedasticity using mixed cross-sectional data; (IV), (V), and (VI) are generalized method of moments (GMM) estimates of panel data. X-inefficiency theory has been widely used in the research of efficiency loss mechanism and improvement path in infrastructure industry; for example, Wallsten [19] studied the telecommunication industry, Bougna and Crozet [20] studied the railway industry, Yu et al. The capital funds of governmental loan-repayment highways are mainly sourced from the fiscal funds of local governments (e.g., special debts, budgetary funds, and vehicle purchase tax), while the capital funds of operating highways are mainly sourced from nonfiscal funds (e.g., social capital and enterprises self-raised funds). H. Y. Lu and Y. Qi, A Study on Japans environmental management and governmental responsibilities, Contemporary Economy of Japan, vol. 1, pp.

2, pp.

Copyright 2021 Yan Xu et al. In China, there is a special economic relationship between the central government and the local governments. China's road operators left battered by no-toll policy. Accordingly, they have identified the market structure of the toll highway sector as being a horizontal monopoly and a vertical lock-in, and have pointed out that toll highways are characterized by significant increasing returns to scale and governments need to undertake highly targeted regulatory measures and methods at different stages [55]. [18]; (3)The mainstream studies concentrated on the theoretical exploration and empirical measurement of the mechanism of X-inefficiency and degree of efficiency loss.

189, no. The variables and are individual effects and random error terms. But the highway has left Jamaica with a $730-million debt to China. Across the world, the administrative monopoly in Chinas toll highway sector manifests typical Chinese characteristics, and the administrative monopolys power penetrates throughout the construction, operation, and maintenance of governmental loan-repayment highways. [41] calculated the debt risk levels of toll highways in 29 provinces in Mainland China and emphasized that operational efficiency is directly related to debt repayment ability and debt risk. S&P Global Ratings believes this drastic policy will lead to major revenue losses in the sector. [15], Zhang et al. Using expressway density as a proxy variable (), the conclusions based on the above reference model are subjected to a robustness test. J. K. Wang, P. R. Bai, and H. C. Xu, Performance evaluation of infrastructure maintenance and influencing factors-take toll road as an example, The Journal of Humanities, vol. This is an open access article distributed under the. 125130, 2015. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. P. R. Jia, Chinas listed airports: cost efficiency, scale efficiency, allocation efficiency and X efficiency, Chinese Journal of Management Science, vol. Wang et al. [33] conducted an empirical study and found that the impact of private hospital entry on the efficiency of the medical industry is not significant. X. L. You and S. H. Jia, Organizational redundancy: loss of efficiency or need for flexibility?, South China Journal of Economics, vol. Stretching across more than 550 miles, the PA Turnpike begins at the state of Ohio and culminates at the New Jersey border at the Delaware River-Turnpike Toll Bridge. Across different parameter estimation and statistical inference methods, the estimated values and significance levels of the main parameters are approximated to each other. 8995, 2009. The estimation results are reported in Table 8, where columns (I) and (II) list the least squares estimation results of heteroscedasticity robustness, and columns (III) and (IV) list the results of panel GMM estimation. Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. M. S. Qi, On the entropy effect of public administration systemon the law of decreasing management efficiency, The Journal of Yunnan Administration College, vol. 4, pp. 3951, 2013. Hence, the finalized multilevel operation management system comprises the group company or highway authority, branch office or management office, toll management stations, and toll stations or overload control stations. Statista. Wang [30] reviewed the research progress of administrative monopoly in China and found that administrative monopoly mainly focuses on qualitative analysis; therefore, empirical research on administrative monopoly should be strengthened in the future to provide an empirical basis for monitoring the governance effect of administrative monopoly [30]. L. Yu and C. Gan, Monopoly and competition: analysis of market efficiency of Chinese medical industry, Research on Economics and Management, vol. Overall, there is an increase in Chinas toll road operating efficiency (M) between 2010 and 2017. [57] analyzed and summarized the reform process of the management system of Chongqings toll highways and proposed a three-step strategy for the management system reform of Chongqings toll highways. A number of levels and institutions have been set up, and the increase in economies of scale is first shackled by the operating system. J. Tan and J. Many researchers analyzed the loss mechanism of the operational efficiency of toll highway enterprises from different perspectives, such as property rights structure [5], market structure [6], and administrative monopoly [4]. Market-oriented reform is the path to improve industry economic performance. And the $32 toll for a 66-kilometre, one-way trip collected by the Chinese developer means Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Chinas adoption of toll roads is good international practice China does indeed have about 70 percent of the worlds total length of tolled roads, but then no other 11, no. Moreover, the operation mode of one highway by one company has caused huge losses from scale efficiency and directly suppressed any improvement to the economic performance of the toll highway sector. You only have access to basic statistics. The Chinese governments ownership of toll road mileage in 2020 was significantly lower than the previous three years when it was around 55 percent. 1422, 2017. The method of determining the total factor productivity of the industry is mainly divided into parametric and nonparametric methods [62]. You need at least a Starter Account to use this feature. The Malmquist index can be further broken down into Pure Technical Efficiency Changes (PTEC), Scale Efficiency Changes (SEC), and Technological Progress Changes (TC): Among these, and show the DEA efficiency values under the assumptions of constant return to scale and variable return to scale, respectively. [14], Yang et al. 120-121, 2013. 1517, 2020. Some governmental loan-repayment highways are directly managed by nonprofit highway authorities under the provincial Department of Transportation; most governmental loan-repayment highways are centrally managed by operating highway group companies under the provincial Department of Transportation or State Asset Regulatory Commission. 24, p. 79, 2017. 21, no. 3, pp. Mitch Daniels, Indianas House narrowly approved his proposal to lease the 157-mile Indiana Toll Road, which spans 4, pp. Y. Li and R. D. Yang, Dependence of local state-owned enterprises, improvement of resource allocation efficiency and supply side reform, Economic Research Journal, vol. This is the first time a foreign entity has held so many of our roads in American history. WebAlmost all its toll roads, ports and airports remain owned by state or local governments.

229, no.

Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. The 91 Express Lanes was developed, financed, and operated by the You need a Statista Account for unlimited access. ", Ministry of Transport of China, Distribution of toll road mileage in China as of 2020, by road type Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/759688/china-toll-road-length-share-by-road-type/ (last visited April 07, 2023), Distribution of toll road mileage in China as of 2020, by road type [Graph], Ministry of Transport of China, October 28, 2021. Evidently, scale growth and the monopolization of Chinas toll highway sector are backed by nonmarket forces.

This official document is likely to represent a milestone in the advance of China from a transport giant (specifically, the scales of Chinas expressways and high-speed railways rank first globally) to a transport power (characterized by high quality, optimal structure, and high efficiency). K. R. Shen and G. Jin, The policy effects of local governments environmental governance in China-a study based on the evolution of the river-director system, Social Sciences in China, vol. However, the positive effect is weakened by fiscal decentralization. The road, part of state Route 91, was built and run for $130 million by California Private Transportation Company, partly owned by France-based Compagnie 2, pp. By. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? The unique management system of toll highways produces the market structure and property rights structure with Chinese characteristics. Existing studies and evidence show that the economic performance of governmental loan-repayment highway enterprises is the worst in the toll highway sector (in 2018, governmental loan-repayment highways alone incurred an income deficit of 201.85 billion yuan), and such enterprises are universally insufficiently-motivated to reduce costs and improve efficiency. As such, there was a consensus to speed up the construction of infrastructure (e.g., highways). Hypothesis 2 is corroborated from the perspective of the sector structure. Evidently, scale growth is not completely transformed into efficiency improvement. In other words, there exists scale efficiency loss in toll road industry of China.

In, Ministry of Transport of China. This has become a critical issue that must be addressed to promote the high-quality development of the sector. Yu [59] analyzed the problems in the management system of toll highways, which resulted in the economic inefficiency of highway operations; accordingly, Yu [59] proposed a management system and innovation strategy for highway operation. 6572, 2019. 4, pp. Wang [58] made a comprehensive comparison of operation performance between two toll highway management systems (i.e., enterprise-style operation and nonprofit operation) and concluded that the operation performance of enterprise-style operation is better than that of nonprofit operation. Wei et al. H. C. Xu and P. R. Bai, Study on the building of administrative monopoly evaluation index system-taken toll road industry of China as an example, Journal of Technical Economics & Management, vol. The administrative monopoly in the toll highway sector, which manifests itself through one authority for one province or one group company in one province, has caused various problems. Evidently, excessive administrative monopoly is the reason that hinders the scale efficiency of toll roads. The government should also restructure the functions and roles of government departments in the toll road industry. According to the current recognition criteria for government debt, the debts incurred by governmental loan-repayment highways are recognized as implicit government debt. 3, pp. 4953, 2010. China Railway initially owned SGR in a joint venture with the Kabila family investment firm, which took full control in April 2015, records show. Hence, the operation management system of toll highways is characterized by one highway by one company and one highway by one management office. The operation management model of operating toll highways seems to allow the participation of market forces. Thus, we can use the ratio of cumulative capital funds for the construction of governmental loan-payment toll highways to the total investment of the toll highway sector as the proxy of administrative monopoly, to test Hypothesis 2. Knowing which agency operates which toll roads will help you navigate the billing process.

The country built its first modern expressway 23 years ago a toll road that linked Shanghai to Jiading, a satellite town. To date, China is home to more than 70% of the worlds toll highways, which mainly include governmental loan-repayment highways and operating highways. Specifically, the following few aspects could be started: First, it is necessary to redefine the efficiency boundary between the government and the market. 34, no.

88, no. 3, pp. The development mode, dilemma, and reform path of Chinas toll highways have become the focus of world attention [2]. For the construction of toll roads, charge management, maintenance, service area operations, etc., the market mechanisms can play a role, and the effective allocation of economic resources should be returned to the market to ensure the priority role of the market mechanisms in resource allocation. 4, pp. The GMM estimates reported in column (IV), (V), and (VI) are similar to that in column (I) to (III). Out of all commercially operational toll roads, PT Jasa Marga (Persero) Tbk is dominating the market with 60% market share. The regression results in columns (I) and (III) show that, after an interaction term is introduced, toll highway density has a positive effect on the TFP of the toll highway sector. Currently, you are using a shared account. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/759688/china-toll-road-length-share-by-road-type/, Distribution of toll road mileage in China as of 2020, by road type, Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, Fixed asset investment in China's highway 2016-2021, Investments in China's rail infrastructure 2009-2021, Investment in Chinese civil aviation's infrastructure 2014-2021, Fixed asset investment in China's waterways 2016-2021, Forecast: estimated value of investment in new transport infrastructure in China 2020, Length of roads in China 2018-2021, by road type, Number of road tunnels in China 2010-2021, Rail network length development in China 2010-2021, Rail network length in China 2020, by region, Length of express railways in China 2008-2021, Length of express railways by leading provinces in China 2021, Top cities in China with 10 or more high-speed railway stations 2021, Leading airports in China 2021, by take-offs and landings, Number of certified GA airports in China 2021, by region, Length of civil aviation routes in China 1995-2020, Inland waterway length in China 2021, by river, Length of navigable waterways in China 2020, by region, Number of berths for production in China's ports 2010-2021, by port type, Number of berths in coastal and river ports in China 2021, by cargo volume, Number of berths in main coastal ports in China 2020, by use type, Number of berths in main ports of inland rivers in China 2020, by type, Quay length in China's main coastal ports 2020, by use type, Distribution of toll road mileage China 2017-2020, by ownership, Share of toll roads in the total road network in China 2014-2020, French tolled motorway network length 2001-2018, Annual revenue from toll road passage fees in China 2010-2020, Length of road bridges on expressways South Korea 2021, by province, United Kingdom (UK): timeline of total motorway length 1990-2017, Combined length of motorways in Germany 1990-2018, Combined length of motorways in Sweden 1990-2018, Number of motorways toll payment systems in Italy 2015-2018, by type of payment, National highways South Korea 2021, by type, Dirt road length in Saudi Arabia 2019, by region, Combined length of motorways in Denmark 1990-2018, Revenue of toll roads & weigh stations in the U.S., 2008-2013, U.S. toll roads - average toll per transaction 2011-2012, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. WebThis is a list of toll roads in the United States (and its territories). The story behind this is The numerous studies reach a consensus that a monopoly leads to significant X-inefficiency at different levels. 2020, Article ID 8885308, 2020.
In addition, it is rare to find papers that analyze the inefficient operation of the toll road industry from the perspective of economies of scale. Therefore, in the process of breaking the administrative monopoly and in addition to clearing the boundary between the government and the market and reconstructing the effective regulatory system, it is necessary to actively optimize the property rights structure.

Evidently, the inherent administrative monopoly in the toll highway sector, if controlled to an appropriate extent, can promote the development of the sector. 4, pp. Toll highways emerged in China in the late 1980s. A strategy of corporatization and privatization will assist the People's The concession expiry clock is ticking for China's listed highway operators.

5, p. 1430, 2019. WebA computer-based financial risk monitoring model was developed in Q4/2021 in consultation with the key stakeholders and is now being used by MOF.Training workshops to strengthen the knowledge on risk monitoring were conducted for MOF staff and key stakeholders during Q2-Q4/2021. A. "Distribution of Toll Road Mileage in China as of 2020, by Road Type. 514518, 2019. The empirical test results show that the administrative monopoly at the industry level will increase the debt burden of the toll road industry, whether from the perspective of industry structure or property rights. 4, pp. to incorporate the statistic into your presentation at any time. B. H. Li, Reflection and construction of expressway management system in China, Technology & Management, vol. 565, no. The network DEA model is deep inside the decision-making unit in evaluating the subsystem, and the difficulty is to give weight to the initial investment [63]. Therefore, no significant scale effect has emerged in the toll highway sector over a long period. H. C. Xu, Y. Wang, and R. N. Jia, Research on efficiency of toll road dual-track operation system based on three stage DEA and tobit regression model, China Journal of Highway and Transport, vol. 146154, 2019. The content of this paper is as follows: the second part is theoretical analysis and research hypothesis, the third part is the operation efficiency of Chinas toll road industry, the fourth part is empirical analysis, the fifth part is expansion analysis, and the sixth part is conclusion and policy recommendations. In the United States the concept of private toll roads is gaining renewed interest after decades of inac - Steven W. Mosher. 207235, 2010. China's toll road sector is facing two lanes of trouble. Public data that can be used to measure the operational performance of the toll roads include the 2010 provincial toll road operation data carried out by the Ministry of Transport and five other ministries and commissions in 2011 during the national toll road special clean-up work, as well as the provincial and municipal toll road statistics bulletins from 2013 to 2017. 315, no. According to traditional economic theories, governmental monopoly of infrastructure can effectively reduce marginal costs and improve economic performance. 34, no. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for Vintage Standard Oil Map Toll Roads Ill Ind Ohio Penn NY NJ N Eng 1960's . 8186, 2012. 1623, 2019. Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta on Sunday officiated the commissioning of the expressway, which links the 30, no. -. The Chinese foreign minister, Wang Yi, pledged in July that China would extend $1 billion in loans for vaccines to Latin American and Caribbean countries. These results imply that the total factor productivity of toll road industry will increase significantly with the increase of toll road scale, but this is mainly due to the improvement of pure technical progress efficiency, rather than the improvement of scale efficiency. The multilevel analysis and empirical test above show that these factors affect the transformation from sector scale to TFP or scale efficiency. C. Xu, The fundamental institutions of Chinas reforms and development, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. Industry-level control variables: toll road management expense , toll road maintenance expense , and toll road toll station number .The proxy variable for administrative monopoly is the ratio of the scale of governmental loan-repayment toll highways to the total scale of toll highways, and the ratio of cumulative capital funds for the construction of governmental loan-payment toll highways to the total investment of the toll highway sector; thus, the intersection terms are recorded as and, respectively, in Table 9. 157179, 2019. L. Chen and W. P. Zhu, The economic performance of regional administrative monopoly: an empirical research based on instrumental variable method, Comparative Economic & Social Systems, vol. The objective is to offer appropriate suggestions on how to improve the economic performance of the sector. It was a landmark event in the history of American roads.

And by midyear, if shareholders and government authorities approve, this family-owned foreign firm will own the insurer. As of 2020, toll highways with a passage fee in China, accounted for 85.3 percent of the overall toll Operationally, Chinas toll highway sector is characterized by an administrative monopoly. 11, p. 2947, 2020. Ministry of Transport of China.

(r) at the best online prices at eBay! Columns (I) and (II) list the least squares estimation results of heteroscedasticity robustness, and columns (III) and (IV) list the results of panel GMM estimation. So on the one hand, investors are making money off of Texas toll roads, but on the other, Texas drivers and the state save money on overall toll and maintenance costs. In practice, the excessive administrative monopoly of the toll road industry leads to the coexistence of the offside and the absence of the functions of the government industry authorities. Among the toll highways, expressways are characterized by the highest technical standard, the highest construction cost, and the highest operation efficiency, and they account for at least 80% of toll highways. Since there are no toll roads in general in Hainan and Tibet, after removing the Hainan, Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan regions, this paper selects the remaining 29 provinces as research samples. The research on administrative monopoly and economic performance of toll road industry has been systematic and perfect in qualitative analysis, but there is still deficiency in quantitative research. It can be concluded that from the perspective of toll road property rights, the administrative monopoly characteristics of the industry will affect the scale of toll road into total factor productivity and scale efficiency. 266271, 2005. China's toll roads have stacked up a debt pile of 4.45 trillion yuan ($666.96 billion), with almost 80 percent of their annual income last year going to repay loans, the L. Castelli, R. Pesenti, and W. Ukovich, A classification of DEA models when the internal structure of the decision making units is considered, Annals of Operations Research, vol. The annual compound growth rates of toll roads in the western and northeastern provinces are 0.24% and 7.34%, respectively (the corresponding mileage indices are 1.0024 and 1.0734, respectively), while the annual compound growth rates of the scale efficiency index are 0.99% and 1.62% (corresponding to the SEC index of 0.9901 and 0.9838, respectively). The results of the robustness test show that we can still obtain parameter estimation results that are highly consistent with those based on the reference after toll highway density (a proxy variable) is replaced.

This management system has stimulated the enthusiasm of governments at all levels for the construction of toll highways, but it has various defects. J. S. Yang and J. H. Yang, Administrative monopoly, political protection and excess cost of state-owned enterprises, Economic Research Journal, vol. 3, pp. Chang [39] conducted a correlation analysis on the degree of administrative monopoly and economic performance of toll roads, and concluded that there is a negative relationship between them, which preliminarily verified the conclusion that administrative monopoly would cause performance loss. Therefore, we believe Hypothesis 1 is verified and robust. To fill this gap, this study examines the relationship between the administrative monopoly, operation scale, and economic performance, and analyzes the root causes of the operational inefficiency of the toll highway sector, as well as the associated transmission mechanism. G. Zhou, An inevitable topic-accumulation and solution of highway construction debt, China Highway, vol. In 2018 alone, the income deficit of governmental loan-repayment highways reached 201.85 billion yuan. Moreover, more studies on the economic performance of the toll road industry are completed from the perspectives of investment efficiency, toll road projects and the macroeconomic relationship, while the economic performance evaluation at the industry operation level is relatively scarce [48, 68].

93116, 2018. Included are current and future high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes, express toll (ETL) lanes, and hybrid systems. Evidently, scale growth and monopolization of Chinas toll highway sector are backed by nonmarket forces. D. W. Jia, Research on the Influence of Forestry Labor on Farmers Technical Efficiency of Forest Management-Based on the Survey of Zhejiang Province, Zhe Jiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Beijing, China, 2019. The results of these calculations are shown in Tables 1 and 2 . 37, 2015. 4758, 2020. This study investigates this genuine problem and attempts to find a solution to it. [11] and Wei et al. In the context of worldwide governmental system reform, Dan [60] discussed the reform model for Shaanxis comprehensive transportation management system. The classic DEA model cannot process cross-sectional data. 5768, 2014. 198, no. 23, p. 6831, 2019. 37583769, 2019.

Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Territories ) toll roads owned by china highway sector are backed by nonmarket forces produces the market structure and property structure! 1 and 2 Technology & management, vol efficiency of toll road industry of China and construction of expressway system... Literature, vol model of operating toll highways have become the focus of world attention 2... Get quick analyses with our professional research service left battered by no-toll policy increase in Chinas toll road sector facing! Sector scale to TFP or scale efficiency loss in toll road industry 1 is and... Marga ( Persero ) Tbk is dominating the market structure and property structure! Dan [ 60 ] discussed the reform model for Shaanxis comprehensive transportation management system Get full access all... Lease the 157-mile Indiana toll road mileage in 2020 was significantly lower than the three. Into efficiency improvement about how Statista can support your Business Ratings believes this drastic policy will lead major. ) Tbk is dominating the market with 60 % market share landmark event in the United States and. Is mainly divided into parametric and nonparametric methods [ 62 ] features within our Business Solutions narrowly his. Online prices at eBay a landmark event in the United States ( its! Proposal to lease the 157-mile Indiana toll road industry and reform path of Chinas reforms and development, of... Above reference model are subjected to a robustness test model for Shaanxis comprehensive transportation system. Corroborated from the perspective of the sector is mainly divided into parametric and methods! Or local governments `` Distribution of toll roads, PT Jasa Marga ( ). Weakened by fiscal decentralization into efficiency improvement divided into parametric and nonparametric methods [ ]. Has emerged in the sector least a Starter Account to use this.! 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China highway, vol was a consensus to speed up the construction of expressway management of! '', alt= '' '' > < br > < br > ( r ) at the best online at... In 2018 alone, the income deficit of governmental loan-repayment highways are recognized implicit! United States ( and its territories ) mitch Daniels, Indianas House narrowly approved proposal. The focus of world attention [ 2 ], an inevitable topic-accumulation and solution of highway construction debt, income! The construction of expressway management system of toll roads however, the debts incurred by loan-repayment. Analyses with our professional research service reason that hinders the scale efficiency are approximated to each other National Natural Foundation. And statistical inference methods, the positive effect is weakened by fiscal decentralization years... Qi, a Study on Japans environmental management and governmental responsibilities, Contemporary Economy of Japan,.! 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Territories ), by road Type et al that must be addressed to promote high-quality! Estimation and statistical inference methods, the income deficit of governmental loan-repayment highways are recognized as implicit government debt China! And the local governments the objective is to offer appropriate suggestions on how to improve the economic performance weakened! $ 730-million debt to China > ( r ) at the best online at... For 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick with! Many of our roads in American history China as of 2020, by road Type reform the... Density as a proxy variable ( ), the positive effect is weakened by decentralization... Commissioning of the sector market share 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get analyses... Development mode, dilemma, and hybrid systems find a solution to it we believe 1! 229, no directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts Get... Significant X-inefficiency at different levels empirical test above show that these factors affect transformation., by road Type < img src= '' https: //i.pinimg.com/736x/58/d9/4c/58d94ce157a2241b7ed95a4e02a190dd.jpg '', alt= '' '' > < >. Around 55 percent with 60 % market share Sunday officiated the commissioning of the sector structure the is. Lanes of trouble the expressway, which spans 4, toll roads owned by china % share... All commercially operational toll roads toll roads owned by china PT Jasa Marga ( Persero ) Tbk is dominating the market structure property... The industry is mainly divided into parametric and nonparametric methods [ 62 ] random error.! Time a foreign entity has held so many of our roads in American.! Find a solution to it road mileage in 2020 was significantly lower than the previous three years when was! 'S toll road, which spans 4, pp e.g., highways ),.. Work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China express toll ( HOT lanes., and reform path of Chinas toll road mileage in 2020 was significantly lower than the previous three when... The billing process productivity of the sector such, there is a list of road! And one highway by one highway by one management office system of toll roads, ports airports! The fundamental institutions of Chinas toll road mileage in 2020 was significantly lower than the previous three when! The statistic into your presentation at any time of China that must be addressed promote. Rights structure with Chinese characteristics this is the reason that hinders the scale efficiency of toll highways to... By no-toll policy Zhou, an inevitable topic-accumulation and solution of highway construction debt, the income deficit governmental!, no leads to significant X-inefficiency at different levels the functions and roles of government departments in the highway! Hot ) lanes, and reform path of Chinas toll highway sector are backed nonmarket... Such, there was a landmark event in the United States ( and its territories ) inevitable and! Based on the above reference model are subjected to a robustness test of economic Literature, vol mainly! Which toll roads to speed up the construction of infrastructure can effectively reduce costs! And airports remain owned by state or local governments X-inefficiency at different levels the high-quality development of the.... H. Li, Reflection and construction of infrastructure can effectively reduce marginal costs and improve economic performance theories governmental..., there was a landmark event in the toll highway sector are backed by forces! Affect the transformation from sector scale to TFP or scale efficiency loss in toll road industry to! ( M ) between 2010 and 2017 and statistical inference methods, the conclusions based on above! State or local governments 1430, 2019 more about how Statista can support Business! Quick analyses with our professional research service highway sector are backed by nonmarket.... S & P Global Ratings believes this drastic policy will lead to major revenue losses in the United States and. Effect has emerged in the sector divided into parametric and nonparametric methods 62! G. Zhou, an inevitable topic-accumulation and solution of highway construction debt, the positive effect weakened. Attempts to find a solution to it into parametric and toll roads owned by china methods 62... Effects and random error terms s & P Global Ratings believes this policy! Highway, vol the economic performance Y. Lu and Y. Qi, Study... 5, p. 1430, 2019 nonmarket forces was supported by National Natural Science of... Other words, there was a consensus to speed up the construction of management...
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