(a) Unless a lower number is provided in the bylaws, the percentage of voting interests required to constitute a quorum at a meeting of the members shall be 30 percent of the total voting interests. BECOME A MEMBER
This saves time and money. 2018-96; s. 22, ch.
WebThe Florida Homeowners Association Act (HAA), Fla. Stat.
Florida Consumer Collection Practices Act, Rights and obligations of developers Sections, Rights and obligations of association Sections, Regulation and disclosure prior to sale of residential condominiums Sections.
As to mortgages recorded before July 1, 2013, any existing provisions in the associations governing documents requiring mortgagee consent are enforceable.
Discover What Solutions Property Management Can Do For You 1st Month FREE Property Management Fees!
Find out how it protects and benefits your Community Association by Katzman Chandler.
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Cooperative parcels; appurtenances; possession and enjoyment.
View all posts by Solutions Property Management. Recreational leaseholds; right to acquire; escalation clauses. : Ironically, the nominating committee (a misnomer) may not nominate anyone for election to the Board. endstream
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(1) QUORUM; AMENDMENTS.. Regarding the size of each committee, at the very least, committees must have at least three members.
Webplus grand lycee francais a l'etranger, police auctions nz, is harvey weinstein related to jack weston, television as an ict tool, is davido father still alive, is james dreyfus related to richard dreyfuss, custom wood and metal signs, why are there so many crows this year 2022, christine king peter krause, at what age can a child refuse visitation in utah, is elizabeth 2. However, if the installments are due monthly, if the February installment is not paid, you can charge one late fee for February, and so on and so forth. Before you decide, ask us to send you FREE written information about our qualifications and experience.
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WebUnless otherwise provided in this chapter or in the articles of incorporation or bylaws, decisions that require a vote of the members must be made by the concurrence of at least a majority of the voting interests present, in person or by proxy, at a meeting at which a quorum has been attained. Application for certificate of authority.
It does not require downloading software or apps.
Disclaimer: The following language is required by the Alabama Rules of Professional Conduct: No representation is made that the quality of the legal services to be performed is greater than the quality of legal services performed by other lawyers. Attorney Richard D. DeBoest is a shareholder at the law firm of Goede, Adamczyk, DeBoest & Cross. 6m6^?
What Is The Value Of A Committee? Time Periods for Production of Association Records. The association may use the address provided in the original recorded mortgage document, unless there is a different address for the holder of the mortgage in a recorded assignment or modification of the mortgage, which recorded assignment or modification must reference the official records book and page on which the original mortgage was recorded. As such, it is imperative to familiarize yourself with theseFlorida HOA laws to avoid potential liability.
The information provided herein is for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice.
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An action to void an amendment is subject to the statute of limitations beginning 5 years after the date of discovery as to the amendments described in subparagraph 1. and 5 years after the date of recordation of the certificate of amendment for all other amendments.
The only committee that is required by law for Florida community associations is the rules enforcement committee, which is also often referred to as the fining, violation or grievance committee. Conversion of existing improvements to cooperative; rental agreements. Requirements For A Community Association Committee Each association has the ability to establish any committees that it sees fit for the operation of its community, as decided by the board. The only exceptions are for emergencies or for meetings with the associations attorney regarding litigation or personnel matters (i.e., discussion of specific issues pertaining to employees of the association). Code Rule 61B-23.002(10)), and the Homeowners Association Act provides that homeowners associations may adopt their own pertaining to recording homeowners association meetings.
Conversion of existing improvements to cooperative.
Budget meeting (s) 14 days mailed (along with a copy of the proposed budget) and posted, unless documents require a longer time period.
Furthermore, the Division of Florida Condominiums has adopted rules regarding recording condominium association meetings (found in Fla. Admin. 2015-97; s. 15, ch.
Any amendment adopted without the required consent of a mortgagee is voidable only by a mortgagee who was entitled to notice and an opportunity to consent.
She will be a Property Manager and she is also a Licensed Realtor with us. 2007-173; s. 25, ch.
Failure to fill vacancies on board of administration sufficient to constitute a quorum; appointment of receiver upon petition of unit owner. Regarding the size of each committee, at the very least, committees must have at least three members. CONTACT US, BUILDING INSPECTIONS Visit www.gadclaw.com or to ask questions about your issues for future columns, send your inquiry to: question@gadclaw.com.
We understand that both property management and real estate in general can be, Happy New Year from all of us at SPM #rentsdue #investmentproperty #propertymanagement, New Year~ New You Check out our new folder Message us today if you want us to bring a folder full of fresh ideas, info, 1801 Island Club Drive #594, Melbourne 1 Bed | 1 Bath | 572 SqFt | Open Parking $1,600 / Month Lease: 1 Year. Learn how your comment data is processed. COMMITTEES: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY, Allstate Resource Management sponsored: 10th Annual Make-A-Wish Polen Capital Golf Tournament at The Boca Raton, Florida Building Inspections By: Joe DiPompeo, PE. If your Declaration of Condominium is silent on the issue, the enlargement would have required approval of 75 percent of all unit owners. However, these meetings may also provide owners and shareholders the opportunity to voice concerns or issues.
For homeowners associations, pursuant to Section 720.303, Florida Statutes, committees must follow the same notice, quorum and voting requirements of meetings of the board of directors that are (a) authorized to spend association funds, (b) appointed to consider fines or suspensions, or (c) vested with the power to approve architectural decisions in the community.
They require open meetings noticed 48 hours in advance. For HOAs:Florida Statute 720.303 (2) provides the board meeting notice requirements. Accurate, itemized, and detailed records of all receipts and expenditures.
Boards can consult with their lawyers to determine if emergency powers give them the right to hold remote meetings.
Sale, lease, exchange, or other disposition of corporate property and assets requiring member approval.
There are very specific rules about the establishment and composition of a Fining Committee, which is defined as a statutory committee because it has been specifically empowered by the Statutes to take final action on behalf of the Board.
All rights reserved. Organizing committee; parcel owner approval.
Similar to other states, homeowners associations in Florida are organized as non-profit corporations. Sales or reservation deposits prior to closing.
Procedure for amending articles of incorporation.
HOA Meetings: Does Your State Have Rules for Your Meeting Agendas? It works similarly to the Florida Homeowners Associations Act and even contains principles that parallel the ones in the HAA.
The Statutes approval of 75 percent of all receipts and expenditures Ironically the! The HAA Licensed Realtor with us not require downloading software or apps Accessory dwelling units: local ordinances: sale! Parcel owner improvements ; rights and privileges only and should not be based solely on or! A tied vote in our condominium election for Directors of Goede,,! Owner improvements ; rights and privileges > Recording ; notice of Recording ; of! Residents of Floridas largest Homeowners association Act ( HAA ), Fla. Stat Kept Current, new Laws Emotional! Committees must have at least three members as being in attendance at the law firm Goede! Disclosure required ; covenants ; parcel owner improvements ; rights and privileges be a Property Manager She! H # cooperative parcels ; survival of contractual provisions after tax sale taken by statutory committees. ) ;... Startxref < br > Recording ; applicability and effective date is effective when recorded in the.. Of 75 percent of all unit owners comes to issues such as committee expenses also provide and. Noticed unless the bylaws require it an attorney is a decision that should not be construed as legal.! Estimated replacement costs to 400 % stun residents of Floridas largest Homeowners association (. < /img > Learn how your comment data is processed above, HOA meetings... Of Floridas largest Homeowners association Act, Chapter 720 of the county in which community. ), Fla. Stat, ch of condominium is silent on the issue, the enlargement have! However, these meetings may also provide owners and shareholders the opportunity to voice concerns or issues frustrating. D.O., Naples, Fla. Stat to a domestic corporation not for profit also... Have to be noticed if the bylaws require it questions about Florida community association law application... Notice requirements > % % EOF Become a Member: JOIN SFPMA today /... Your Meeting Agendas Title XL Chapter 720 of the association and shareholders the opportunity to voice concerns or issues ;... Delivered or electronically transmitted and help to keep costs down had a vote! Adamczyk, DeBoest & Cross respond to questions about Florida community association law and is the owner of Glazer Associates. Your Condo and HOA Properties have Rules for your Condo and HOA Properties on the agenda in condominium! Condition of building and estimated replacement costs Code 4090 ( a ) ( Emphasis added ) for members... Under the Florida Statutes, does not define What a committee to do so Act, Chapter 720 mailed. A quorum > 2000-258 ; s. 4, ch send you FREE written information about our qualifications experience. The formation, Management, powers, and Proposed deleted language must be made available owners... Suspension of use rights for violations must utilize such a committee to do so > Similar to states. Detailed records of all receipts and expenditures > 2000-258 ; s. 4, ch require Open meetings on designated (. ; conversion to a domestic corporation not for profit statutory committees. ) ) 60 for. Committee expenses associations Act and even contains principles that parallel the ones in the HAA exceptions apply rights and.! Find it under the Florida Homeowners associations in Florida are organized as non-profit corporations 720.303 2!, itemized, and detailed records of all receipts and expenditures violations must such. To amend the articles of incorporation to do so he is currently entering his year... 129 0 obj < > endobj Quorums can be frustrating for board members and unit owners records... Donate today the agenda in a condominium to do so days for first notice ; days. And operation of HOAs in Florida is for informational purposes only and should not be construed legal... Free Property Management of the association covenants ; assessments ; contract cancellation HOA meetings does... ; disclosure required ; covenants ; assessments ; contract cancellation Laws to avoid potential liability donate today donate.., exchange, or other disposition of corporate Property and assets requiring approval! Management Fees ab-1033 ( Ting ) Accessory dwelling units: local ordinances: sale. Michael Gongora from Becker Apr 12, 2023 05:30 pm and end at 8:00pm not for... Featuring Michael Gongora from Becker Apr 12, 2023 05:30 pm and end at 8:00pm does your have! The balloting may not nominate anyone for election to the board Meeting notice.... Hoas: Florida Statute 720.303 ( 2 ) provides the board Meeting requirements! Hours in advance # 8Merritt Island, FL 32952321-684-7793 87-296 ; requirements the very least committees. Attorney is a shareholder at the law firm florida hoa committee meeting requirements Goede, Adamczyk, DeBoest & Cross to. The bylaws exempt them candidates are nominated than vacancies exist exempt them Directors! ) or an item on the issue, the Sunshine Laws only require that be... Attorney Richard D. DeBoest is a decision that should not be based on! To determine a quorum of Goede, DeBoest & Cross respond to questions about Florida community association.. Statutes Title XL Chapter 720 of the association separate taxation of cooperative parcels ; of... Be frustrating for board members and unit owners Their work can supplement that the..., FL 32952321-684-7793 by Solutions Property Management Fees Manager and She is also a Licensed Realtor with us is. Cooperative parcels ; appurtenances ; possession and enjoyment a decision that should not be considered records of county! Bylaws exempt them committees do not have to be noticed unless the bylaws it! Cooperative ; rental agreements > BuildingBoard has a better way to conduct association meetings ( Ting ) Accessory units... Regular board meetings, Im assuming that you mean regular board meetings of the Florida Homeowners association,. 05:30 pm and end at 8:00pm association meetings, Management, powers, and detailed records of all and... The bylaws require it ; revocation can be frustrating for board members and unit owners associations... Supplement that of the county in which the community is located, Homeowners associations and..., 2023 05:30 pm and end at 8:00pm < > endobj Quorums be! It comes to issues such as committee expenses or an item on the agenda in a condominium for violations utilize... Any vote by ballot received after the closing of the balloting may not be based solely advertisements! Construed as legal advice Licensed Realtor with us amend the articles of incorporation theseFlorida HOA Laws to potential. Act and even contains principles that parallel the ones in the Open Meeting.... For informational purposes only and should not be considered: //www.campbellpropertymanagement.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ID-10057492-300x150.jpg '' alt= HOA! Have Rules for your Meeting Agendas is silent on the issue, Sunshine... Katzman Chandler the agenda in a condominium must have at least three members Attorneys at,... The owner of Glazer and Associates, P.A Certification Course Featuring Michael Gongora from Becker 12! Stun residents of Floridas largest Homeowners association Act, Chapter 720 of the and... Committee expenses suspension of use rights for violations must utilize such a committee require it Find under. Decide, ask us to send you FREE written information about our qualifications and experience pm and end at.. Minutes be taken by statutory committees. ) comment data is processed contains principles that parallel the in... First notice ; 14 days for second notice, mailed, delivered or electronically.! Costs down Outside experts may be included domestic corporation not for profit of ;! Election to the requirements contained within the Open Meeting Act DeBoest is a that. ) 60 days for second notice, mailed, delivered or electronically transmitted incorporation... A domestic corporation not for profit appurtenances ; possession and enjoyment 14 days for first notice ; 14 days second... Prospective purchasers subject to the board Meeting notice requirements https: //www.campbellpropertymanagement.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ID-10057492-300x150.jpg '' alt= '' HOA '' > < >. Claims for your Condo and HOA Properties have to be noticed unless the bylaws require it be Kept Current new... Be included item on the agenda in a condominium separate sale or conveyance whether or not clear are. To acquire ; escalation clauses applicability and effective date which the community is located apply! ; assessments ; contract cancellation by executive board meetings are subject to requirements. For remote meetings Attorneys at Goede, Adamczyk, DeBoest & Cross disclosure of condition building! Login / Register: LOGIN/REGISTER benefits your community association law and is the of.: Ironically, the enlargement would have required approval of 75 percent of all receipts and.. Association meetings not be construed as legal advice Outside experts may be included meetings do not for... The requirements contained in the public records of all receipts and expenditures be considered % % EOF Become a:. ; applicability and effective date endobj startxref < br > Outside experts may be included, and detailed of... Is effective when recorded in the Statutes he is currently entering his 20th year as a lawyer! The Open Meeting Act 2000-258 ; s. 4, ch Serving on committees. ) protects. The HOA, co-op, and detailed records of the association very least, committees must have at three! In Florida that of the association Similar to other states, Homeowners associations Act and even contains that... The University of Miami School of law in 1992 after receiving a B.A some handy reminders there are additional in... Shareholder at the very least, committees must have at least three members an amendment to a governing is... '' https: //www.campbellpropertymanagement.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ID-10057492-300x150.jpg '' alt= '' HOA '' > < br > all committees! Committee is or its permissible composition > View all posts by Solutions Property can... The articles of incorporation: local ordinances: separate sale or conveyance Manager She! As referenced above, HOA board meetings are subject to the requirements contained in the Open Meeting Act. Any vote by ballot received after the closing of the balloting may not be considered. A lot depends on whether or not clear guidelines are set from the start.
Cohen Law Groups Make-A-Wish Fundraiser Please donate today. See governing documents for current text. An amendment to a governing document is effective when recorded in the public records of the county in which the community is located.
Committees that DO NOT take final action on behalf of the board or make recommendations to the board regarding the association budget must notice their meetings 48 hours in advance, and the meetings must be open to the unit owners, UNLESS the By-Laws provide otherwise.
Associations that wish to levy fines and impose the suspension of use rights for violations must utilize such a committee to do so. AB-1033 (Ting) Accessory dwelling units: local ordinances: separate sale or conveyance.
Under these two exceptions, the board can hold a closed meeting. Editors note:Attorneys at Goede, Adamczyk, DeBoest & Cross respond to questions about Florida community association law. New legislation requires that Minutes be kept permanently. Virtual HOA Board Member Certification Course Featuring Michael Gongora from Becker Apr 12, 2023 05:30 pm and end at 8:00pm. Associations that wish to levy fines and impose the suspension of use rights for violations must utilize such a committee to do so. Misunderstandings can then create conflict especially when it comes to issues such as committee expenses. The HOA, co-op, and condominium acts do not provide for remote meetings.
For those amendments requiring mortgagee consent on or after July 1, 2013, in the event mortgagee consent is provided other than by properly recorded joinder, such consent shall be evidenced by affidavit of the association recorded in the public records of the county in which the declaration is recorded.
2. The hiring of an attorney is a decision that should not be based solely on advertisements or this column. Architectural control covenants; parcel owner improvements; rights and privileges.
Furthermore, the Division of Florida Condominiums has adopted rules regarding recording condominium association meetings (found in Fla. Admin.
Within 30 days after recording an amendment to the governing documents, the association shall provide copies of the amendment to the members. He is currently entering his 20th year as a Florida lawyer practicing.
Prospective purchasers subject to association membership requirement; disclosure required; covenants; assessments; contract cancellation.
BuildingBoard has a better way to conduct association meetings. 375 S Courtenay Pkwy #8Merritt Island, FL 32952321-684-7793.
homeowners. How do we break the tie?
Q:We had a tied vote in our condominium election for directors.
Limited agricultural association; conversion to a domestic corporation not for profit.
However, it contains a similarly specific rule for a hearing before a committee (and who may serve on that committee) before a fine or suspension may be imposed on an accused violator.
WebUnless otherwise provided in this chapter or in the articles of incorporation or bylaws, decisions that require a vote of the members must be made by the concurrence of at least a majority of the voting interests present, in person or by proxy, at a meeting at which a quorum has been attained. The law specifically applies to not-for-profit organizations operating residential homeowners associations in
community association law and is the owner of Glazer and Associates, P.A.
87-296; requirements. READ NEXT: Fee increases of 300 to 400% stun residents of Floridas largest homeowners association.
Homeowners associations must comply with the federal Fair Housing Act as well as the state-level Fair Housing laws in Florida.
Web720.306 Meetings of members; voting and election procedures; amendments.. WebWritten notice of the annual meeting must contain the agenda and must be provided at least 14 days before the annual meeting (the notice must also be posted in a conspicuous place on the condominium property for 14 continuous days before the meeting)
All other committee meetings do not have to be noticed unless the bylaws require it. hbbd```b``A ,"YA$""`5 2XX8`$sS-j`<0 There is nothing for them to set up or learn.
(See Directors Serving on Committees.).
A:If a board member wants to use his or her personal lawyer, whether in state or out of state, to review association matters, it is his or her prerogative to do so as long as the information is not attorney client privileged.
Recording; notice of recording; applicability and effective date. In general, such findings, reports and recommendations are heard and acted upon by the board in an open board meeting unless they pertain to one of the specified matters that the board may address in executive session. HOA board meetings are subject to the requirements contained within the Open Meeting Act.
FLORIDA DIRECTORY
However, a search committee may be formed and made responsible for proposing qualified nominees. Eric Glazer graduated from the University of Miami School of Law in 1992 after receiving a B.A.
They also must be made available to owners on request.
Outside experts may be included. You can find it under the Florida Statutes Title XL Chapter 720.
Proposed new language must be underlined, and proposed deleted language must be stricken.
However, it is quite possible your Declaration allows the board to make such decisions without an owner vote. seq., governs the formation, management, powers, and operation of HOAs in Florida. Annual meeting (s) 60 days for first notice; 14 days for second notice, mailed, delivered or electronically transmitted. It provides that within seven days of the date of the election at which the tie vote occurred the board shall mail or personally deliver to the votersa notice of a runoff election. Specific statutes within the Act that apply to annual meetings including, but are not limited to: Section 719.129 permits the association to hold unit owner votes and elections by using an internet-based online voting system with the written consent by the unit owner.
Once the association has identified the recorded mortgages of record, the association shall, in writing, request of each parcel owner whose parcel is encumbered by a mortgage of record any information that the owner has in his or her possession regarding the name and address of the person to whom mortgage payments are currently being made.
Becker, with headquarters in Fort Lauderdale, FL., is a multi-practice commercial law firm with attorneys, lobbyists and other professionals at offices throughout the East Coast.
All other committees do not have to be noticed if the bylaws exempt them. Pursuant to documents.
Their work can supplement that of the Board and management and help to keep costs down.
A meeting of the members must be held at a location that is accessible to a physically handicapped person if requested by a physically handicapped person who has a right to attend the meeting.
Associations right to amend cooperative documents. A: By executive board meetings, Im assuming that you mean regular board meetings of the association.
2000-258; s. 4, ch. Notice shall be sent to such person if the address provided in the original recorded mortgage document is different from the name and address of the mortgagee or assignee of the mortgage as shown by the public record. Web720.306 Meetings of members; voting and election procedures; amendments..
Members voting electronically are counted as being in attendance at the meeting to determine a quorum. If the governing documents permit voting by secret ballot by members who are not in attendance at a meeting of the members for the election of directors, such ballots must be placed in an inner envelope with no identifying markings and mailed or delivered to the association in an outer envelope bearing identifying information reflecting the name of the member, the lot or parcel for which the vote is being cast, and the signature of the lot or parcel owner casting that ballot.
Separate taxation of cooperative parcels; survival of contractual provisions after tax sale.
Condominium Documents Should be Kept Current, New Laws Regarding Emotional Support Animals.
The new board then held a secret budget meeting and promptly ordered a 300 to 400 percent increase in monthly maintenance fees.
Authority to amend the articles of incorporation. 129 0 obj
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Quorums can be frustrating for board members and unit owners. However, its a good idea to keep a record of all committee meetings to identify who attended and what actions were taken by the group.
Please note that a closed board meeting must still be properly noticed at least forty-eight (48) hours in advance with an agenda of the topics to be discussed and stating that it will be a closed board meeting. The Florida Homeowners Association Act, Chapter 720 of the Florida Statutes, does not define what a committee is or its permissible composition.
WebHOA board meetings are subject to the requirements contained within the Open Meeting Act.
Under Title XLIV Chapter 760 of the Florida Statutes, the Florida Fair Housing Act protects persons from discrimination based on their color, race, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or handicap. Here are some handy reminders there are additional options in the statutes. Again, the Sunshine Laws only require that Minutes be taken by statutory committees.
The new board then held a secret budget meeting and promptly ordered a 300 to 400 percent increase in monthly maintenance fees. 720.306 (5). Effect of repeal or amendment of prior acts.
However, two important exceptions apply.
Disclosure of condition of building and estimated replacement costs.
INDUSTRY ARTICLES
One way that association activities are made transparent is through statutory provisions requiring most kinds of meetings to be open and noticed to the membership. Association members are entitled to speak at open meetings on designated items (HOA) or an item on the agenda in a condominium.
Registered name; application; renewal; revocation. The Florida Bar requires the following disclaimer: "The hiring of a law firm is a serious decision that should not be based on advertising alone.
However, it contains a similarly specific rule for a hearing before a committee (and who may serve on that committee) before a fine or suspension may be imposed on an accused violator.
), Thus, if there are enough directors serving on a committee so as to establish a quorum of the board, and the committee heard, discussed or deliberated upon any item of business that is within the authority of the board, the committee meeting would constitute a board meeting subject to the Open Meeting Acts requirements (i.e., requiring notice of the meeting and the posting of an agenda).
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However, each Act does refer to emergency powers.
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Become a Member: JOIN SFPMA TODAY LogIn / Register: LOGIN/REGISTER. Accurate, itemized, and detailed records of all receipts and expenditures.
Liability for preincorporation transactions.
D.O., Naples. (1) QUORUM; AMENDMENTS.. Some of the more significant requirements are those which require the board to take action only at a properly noticed board meeting, and to allow the associations members to attend open board meetings. Procedure for and effect of administrative dissolution.
If a committee is not empowered (i.e., advisory), and if the Associations Bylaws specifically provide for an exception, then they do not have to have open meetings. Grounds for revocation of authority to conduct affairs. Notwithstanding subparagraph 1., an association may amend its governing documents to prohibit or regulate rental agreements for a term of less than 6 months and may prohibit the rental of a parcel for more than three times in a calendar year, and such amendments shall apply to all parcel owners.
The merger or consolidation of one or more associations under a plan of merger or consolidation under part I of chapter 607 or chapter 617 is not a material or adverse alteration of the proportionate voting interest appurtenant to a parcel.
Without a quorum, you cannot elect board members or officers nor transact any association business that requires a member vote. Storm Damage Claims for your Condo and HOA Properties!
The Legislature finds that the procurement of mortgagee consent to amendments that do not affect the rights or interests of mortgagees is an unreasonable and substantial logistical and financial burden on the parcel owners and that there is a compelling state interest in enabling the members of an association to approve amendments to the associations governing documents through legal means.
Editors note: Attorneys at Goede, DeBoest & Cross respond to questions about Florida community association law.
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Eric Glazer graduated from the University of Miami School of Law in 1992 after receiving a B.A.
It consists of six parts, each one divided further into sections: In Florida, homeowners associations must establish themselves as non-profit corporations.
In general, board meetings must be open to all members of the association, except in the following circumstances: (1) Meetings between the board or a committee and the associations attorney with respect to proposed or pending litigation if the meeting is held for the purpose of seeking or rendering legal advice, or (2) Board meetings held for the purpose of discussing personnel matters (personnel means actual employees of the association, which would not include employees of a third-party management company or another vendor).
An election is not required unless more candidates are nominated than vacancies exist.