However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. However, agriculture in these regions are highly influenced by several factors including water limitation, extreme heat, frequent drought, bared and marginal soil, vulnerable topography for natural hazards, erosive rain and wind. For Ethiopia to Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. Therefore, farm size affects agricultural sustainability in the economy, social aspects, and environmental performance of agricultural production, for instance, increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmers net profit, economic benefits, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients of 0.005, 0.02, and 2.25 in China, respectively (Ren et al., Citation2019). )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, Citation2016). It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, Citation2019).

The government has made significant investments in the public health sector that have led to improvements in health outcomes. Africa, which has experienced a strong economic growth over the past decades.

UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. FAO (Citation2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, Citation2015). Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, Citation2015) (Figures 2 and 3). This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., Citation2007). Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), Citation2019). They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., Citation2010).

Table 10. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more.

Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, Citation2017). Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. Table 9. Melese (Citation2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, Citation2017).

Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, Citation2020). In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. Variable Rainfall Heavily dependent upon unreliable rainfall which may produce surplus only in years of favorable weather. The Ethiopian economy has grown at a rapid pace over past decade until 1029, but in addition to foreign exchange scarcities, the economy remains vulnerable to periodic droughts and commodity price volatility that impacts the demand and price of Ethiopias primary export commodities.

Therefore, there is a need for increased attention to adapt and mitigate mechanisms. image: . Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, Citation2011b). Web4.4 Seed supply shortfalls in Ethiopia, 200508 95 4.5 Fertilizer valuecost ratios, 19922008 108 4.6 Major problems of the fertilizer supply system, 2004 and 2009 109 4.7 Development agents and farmer training centers, 2008 112 4.8 Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education and Training The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources.

The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., Citation2014). The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. (Citation2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. The role of science, technology and innovation in ensuring food security by 2030. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, Citation2017). IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Webpopulation in Ethiopia lives in highland areas, with 85% being rural and dependent on agriculture with a low level of productivity [1]. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, Citation2020).

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